Palabras clave
atleta
ejercicio
sistema nervioso autónomo
sistema cardiovascular
ejercicio
sistema nervioso autónomo
sistema cardiovascular
Cómo citar
Porras-Alvarez, J., & Bernal-Calderón, M. O. (2019). Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca: evaluación del entrenamiento deportivo. Revisión de tema. Duazary, 16(2), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.21676/2389783X.2750
Resumen
La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca es un método no invasivo para evaluar la respuesta del sistema nervioso autónomo sobre el sistema cardiovascular, evalúa la capacidad de recuperación del sistema cardiovascular como respuesta al ejercicio físico. El análisis de los índices de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca refleja la respuesta autonómica cardiovascular a las diferentes cargas de entrenamiento. Esta revisión temática muestra las conclusiones y los protocolos de evaluación utilizados para controlar y evaluar el entrenamiento en atletas. La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca fue analizada por los métodos de dominio tiempo y frecuencia. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos de SCOPUS, PubMed y el motor de búsqueda google académico, utilizando las palabras clave “heart rate variability” “athletes”, “cardiac autonomic modulations”. Los artículos seleccionados tuvieron como población objeto de estudio atletas de nivel competitivo de diferentes deportes. En conclusión, La evaluación de la Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca permite determinar la adaptación o inadaptación a las cargas de entrenamiento, programar el volumen y la intensidad adecuada de la carga de entrenamiento, supervisar el rendimiento a lo largo de los periodos de entrenamiento y monitorear el estado de forma deportiva durante los campeonatos en todos los deportes.Citas
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3. Aubert AE, Seps B & Beckers F. Sports Med. (2003);33:889. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333120-00003.
4. Rodas G, Carballido P, Capdevilla L. Heart Rate Variability: definition, measurement and clinical relation aspects. Archivos medicina del deporte. 2008;30(123):41-47. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287702610_Heart_rate_variability_Definition_measurement_and_clinical_relation_aspects_part_II
5. Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bigger JT. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol.. 2005;10(1):88-101. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.2005.10101.x.
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7. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation Baltimore. 1996;(93):1043-64. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043.
8. Cambri LT, Fronchetti L, De-Oliveira FR, da Silva GM. Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e controle metabólico. Arquivos Sanny Pesquisa Saúde. 2008;1(1):72-82. http://www.academia.edu/23089546/Variabilidade_da_freq%C3%BC%C3%AAncia_card%C3%ADaca_e_controle_metab%C3%B3lico.
9. Rodas G, Yanguas X, Pedret C, Ramos J, Capdevila L. Canvis de la variabilitat de la freqüència cardíaca (VFC) de jugadors d’hoquei durant el Campionat del Món de 2006. Apunts Med Sport. 2011;46(171):117-123. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Apunts/article/view/246215/335032.
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17. Baumert M, Brechtel L, Lock J, Hermsdorf M, Wolff R, Baier V, et al. Heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, and baroreflex sensitivity in overtrained athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2006a;16(5):412-417. Doi: 10.1097/01.jsm.0000244610.34594.07.
18. Baumert M, Brechtel L, Lock J, Voss A. Changes in heart rate variability of athletes during a training camp. Biomed Tech. 2006b;51(4):201-204. Doi: 10.1515/BMT.2006.037.
19. Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(11):3729-3741. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4.
20. Botek M, McKune A, Krejci J, Stejskal P, Gaba A. Change in performance in response to training load adjustment based on autonomic activity. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35(06):482-488. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1354385.
21. Da Silva DF, Verri SM, Nakamura FY, Machado FA. Longitudinal changes in cardiac autonomic function and aerobic fitness indices in endurance runners: A case study with a high-level team. Eur J sport science. 2014;14(5):443-451. Doi: 10.1080/17461391.2013.832802.
22. DeSaa YS, Sarmiento JM, Martín-González D, Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, Quiroga JM, García-Manso. Aplicación de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en la caracterización de deportistas de élite de lucha canaria con diferente nivel de rendimiento. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte. 2009;(4):120-5. http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-andaluza-medicina-del-deporte-284-pdf-X1888754609461988
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24. Sartor F, Vailati E, Valsecchi V, Vailati F, Torre AL. Heart rate variability reflects training load and Psychophysiological status in young elite gymnasts. J Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013;27(10):2782-2790. Doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828783cc.
25. Botero RD, León HH, Melo CE, Porras AJ, Villanueva VAM, et al. The Autonomic Nervous System In Cyclists: A Useful Tool To Guide Young Talents?. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 530 Walnut ST, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3621 USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013;45(5):134-134.
26. Kaikkonen P, Rusko H, Martinmäki K. Post-exercise heart rate variability of endurance athletes after different high-intensity exercise interventions. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(4):511-519. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00728.x.
27. Buchheit M, Kuitunen S, Voss SC, Williams BK, Mendez-Villanueva A, Bourdon PC. Physiological strain associated with high-intensity hypoxic intervals in highly trained young runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(1):94-105. Doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182184fcb.
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29. Koyama K, Inoue T, Hasegawa A, Oriuchi N, Okamoto E, Tomaru Y et al. Alternating myocardial sympathetic neural function of athlete’s heart in professional cycle racers examined with iodine-123-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy. Ann Nuclear Medicine. 2001;15(4):307-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577754.
30. Dewland TA, Androne AS, Lee FA, Lampert RJ, Katz SD. Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(1):86-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01339.2006
31. Pichot V, Roche F, Gaspoz JM, Enjolras F, Antoniadis A, Minini P, et al. Relation between heart rate variability and training load in middle-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(10):1729-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039645
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36. Danilowicz-Szymanowicz L, Figura-Chmielewska M, Raczak A, Szwoch M, Ratkowski W. The assessment of influence of long-term exercise training on autonomic nervous system activity in young athletes preparing for competitions. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2011;30(175):19-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542239
37. Cruz GH, Orellana JN, Taraco AR & Colmenero BR. Leukocyte Populations are Associated with Heart Rate Variability After a Triathlon. J human kinetics. 2016;54(1):55-63. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0036.
38. Martinmaki K, Rusko H, Kooistra L, Kettunen J, Saalasti S. Intraindividual validation of heart rate variability indexes to measure vagal effects on hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290(2):640-647. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2005
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2. Goldsmith RL, Bloomfield DM, Rosenwinkel T. Exercise and autonomic function. Coron Artery Dis. 2000;11(2):129-135. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10758814.
3. Aubert AE, Seps B & Beckers F. Sports Med. (2003);33:889. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333120-00003.
4. Rodas G, Carballido P, Capdevilla L. Heart Rate Variability: definition, measurement and clinical relation aspects. Archivos medicina del deporte. 2008;30(123):41-47. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287702610_Heart_rate_variability_Definition_measurement_and_clinical_relation_aspects_part_II
5. Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bigger JT. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol.. 2005;10(1):88-101. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.2005.10101.x.
6. Gamelin FX, Berthoin S, Bosquet L. Validity of the polar S810 heart rate monitor to measure RR intervals at rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(5):887. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16672842.
7. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation Baltimore. 1996;(93):1043-64. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043.
8. Cambri LT, Fronchetti L, De-Oliveira FR, da Silva GM. Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e controle metabólico. Arquivos Sanny Pesquisa Saúde. 2008;1(1):72-82. http://www.academia.edu/23089546/Variabilidade_da_freq%C3%BC%C3%AAncia_card%C3%ADaca_e_controle_metab%C3%B3lico.
9. Rodas G, Yanguas X, Pedret C, Ramos J, Capdevila L. Canvis de la variabilitat de la freqüència cardíaca (VFC) de jugadors d’hoquei durant el Campionat del Món de 2006. Apunts Med Sport. 2011;46(171):117-123. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Apunts/article/view/246215/335032.
10. DeBoer RW, Karemaker JM, Strackee J. Spectrum of a series of point events, generated by the integral pulse frequency modulation model. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1985;(23):138-143. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02456750.
11. Martinelli FS, Chacon-Mikahil MP, Martins LE, Lima-Filho EC, Golfetti R et al. Heart rate variability in athletes and nonathletes at rest and during head-up tilt. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(4):639-47. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2005000400019.
12. Christoforidi V, Koutlianos N, Deligiannis P, Kouidi E, Deligiannis A. Heart rate variability in free diving athletes. Clin Physiol Func Imag. 2012;32(2):162-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2011.01070.x.
13. Iellamo F, Legramante JM, Pigozzi F, Spataro A, Norbiato G, Lucini D, et al. Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes. Circulation. 2002;105(23):2719-2724. Doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000018124.01299.AE.
14. Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz L, Raczak G, Pinna GD, Maestri R, Ratkowski W, Figura-Chmielewska, et al. The effects of an extreme endurance exercise event on autonomic nervous system activity. Polski merkuriusz lekarski: organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego. 2005;19(109):28-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194022.
15. Morales J, Garcia V, García-Massó X, Salvá P, Escobar R. The use of heart rate variability in assessing precompetitive stress in high-standard judo athletes. Int J Sports Med 2013;34(02):144-151. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1323719.
16. Blasco-Lafarga C, Martínez-Navarro I, Mateo-March M. Is baseline cardiac autonomic modulation related to performance and physiological responses following a supramaximal Judo test?. PloS one. 2013;8(10):e78584. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078584.
17. Baumert M, Brechtel L, Lock J, Hermsdorf M, Wolff R, Baier V, et al. Heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, and baroreflex sensitivity in overtrained athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2006a;16(5):412-417. Doi: 10.1097/01.jsm.0000244610.34594.07.
18. Baumert M, Brechtel L, Lock J, Voss A. Changes in heart rate variability of athletes during a training camp. Biomed Tech. 2006b;51(4):201-204. Doi: 10.1515/BMT.2006.037.
19. Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(11):3729-3741. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4.
20. Botek M, McKune A, Krejci J, Stejskal P, Gaba A. Change in performance in response to training load adjustment based on autonomic activity. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35(06):482-488. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1354385.
21. Da Silva DF, Verri SM, Nakamura FY, Machado FA. Longitudinal changes in cardiac autonomic function and aerobic fitness indices in endurance runners: A case study with a high-level team. Eur J sport science. 2014;14(5):443-451. Doi: 10.1080/17461391.2013.832802.
22. DeSaa YS, Sarmiento JM, Martín-González D, Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, Quiroga JM, García-Manso. Aplicación de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en la caracterización de deportistas de élite de lucha canaria con diferente nivel de rendimiento. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte. 2009;(4):120-5. http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-andaluza-medicina-del-deporte-284-pdf-X1888754609461988
23. Earnest CP, Jurca R, Church TS, Chicharro JL, Hoyos J, Lucia A. Relation between physical exertion and heart rate variability characteristics in professional cyclists during the Tour of Spai. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:568–575. Doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.005140.
24. Sartor F, Vailati E, Valsecchi V, Vailati F, Torre AL. Heart rate variability reflects training load and Psychophysiological status in young elite gymnasts. J Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013;27(10):2782-2790. Doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828783cc.
25. Botero RD, León HH, Melo CE, Porras AJ, Villanueva VAM, et al. The Autonomic Nervous System In Cyclists: A Useful Tool To Guide Young Talents?. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 530 Walnut ST, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3621 USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013;45(5):134-134.
26. Kaikkonen P, Rusko H, Martinmäki K. Post-exercise heart rate variability of endurance athletes after different high-intensity exercise interventions. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(4):511-519. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00728.x.
27. Buchheit M, Kuitunen S, Voss SC, Williams BK, Mendez-Villanueva A, Bourdon PC. Physiological strain associated with high-intensity hypoxic intervals in highly trained young runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(1):94-105. Doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182184fcb.
28. Sztajzel J, Jung M, Sievert K, De Luna BA. Cardiac autonomic profile in different sports disciplines during all-day activity. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008;48(4):495-501. https://search.proquest.com/openview/f7ee937561267eb26cd9b57210d9d2b3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4718.
29. Koyama K, Inoue T, Hasegawa A, Oriuchi N, Okamoto E, Tomaru Y et al. Alternating myocardial sympathetic neural function of athlete’s heart in professional cycle racers examined with iodine-123-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy. Ann Nuclear Medicine. 2001;15(4):307-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577754.
30. Dewland TA, Androne AS, Lee FA, Lampert RJ, Katz SD. Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(1):86-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01339.2006
31. Pichot V, Roche F, Gaspoz JM, Enjolras F, Antoniadis A, Minini P, et al. Relation between heart rate variability and training load in middle-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(10):1729-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039645
32. Melanson EL, Freedson PS. The effect of endurance training on resting heart rate variability in sedentary adult males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85:442-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210100479.
33. Aubert AE, Beckers F, Ramaekers D. Short-term heart rate variability in young athletes. J Cardiology. 2001;(1):85-88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11433833.
34.Borges NR, Reaburn PR, Doering TM, Argus CK, & Driller, M. W. Autonomic cardiovascular modulation in masters and young cyclists following high-intensity interval training. Clin Autonomic Research. 2017;27(2):83-90.
35. Bonaduce D, Petretta M, Cavallaro V, Apicella C, Ianniciello A et al. Intensive training and cardiac autonomic control in high level athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):691-6. Doi: 10.1097/00005768-199805000-00008.
36. Danilowicz-Szymanowicz L, Figura-Chmielewska M, Raczak A, Szwoch M, Ratkowski W. The assessment of influence of long-term exercise training on autonomic nervous system activity in young athletes preparing for competitions. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2011;30(175):19-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542239
37. Cruz GH, Orellana JN, Taraco AR & Colmenero BR. Leukocyte Populations are Associated with Heart Rate Variability After a Triathlon. J human kinetics. 2016;54(1):55-63. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0036.
38. Martinmaki K, Rusko H, Kooistra L, Kettunen J, Saalasti S. Intraindividual validation of heart rate variability indexes to measure vagal effects on hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290(2):640-647. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2005
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