Keywords
Cell Phone
Health personnel
Contamination
Hospital infection
Health personnel
Contamination
Hospital infection
How to Cite
Castellanos-Domínguez, Y. Z. ., Cruz, M. C. ., Jiménez, L. T. ., & Solano, J. A. . (2020). Bacteriological contamination in cell phones of health workers in a clinical setting: a systematic review. Duazary, 17(2), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.21676/2389783X.3231
Abstract
A systematic review was carried out to identify microorganisms reported as contaminating. Publications were included between 2008 and 2018, using keywords like "health workers" and "cell phone", among others. Research and review of articles. The papers quality is evaluated through the checklist STROBE. Twenty-one articles were analyzed. In all studies, the presence of contamination in the cell phones of health workers was identified, with a median of 84.3%, highlighting the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (85.7%) and Escherichia coli (61.9%). It is concluded that the use of cell phones in the hospital environment by health workers is a potential source of transmission of microorganisms of clinical interest.References
1. Alotaibi YK FF. The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Rev Artic. 2017;38(12):1173-80. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.12.20631
2. Coiera E, Aarts J, Kulikowski C. The dangerous decade. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2012;19:2-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000674
3. Cedeño-Luna R, Alcívar-Vaca K, Ponce-Vásquez D. Observations about mobile devices. Dom Cien. 2017;3(4):89-103. Disponible en: http://dominiodelasciencias.com/ojs/index.php/es/index
4. Chopra RC. The Association between Cellular Phone Usage and Brain Neoplasms. 2016;103-15. Disponible en: http://www.scirp.org/journal/odem
5. Hosseini R, Hosseini R, Moradi M. Evaluation of the cell phone microbial contamination in dental and engineering schools : Effect of antibacterial spray. J Epidemiol Glob Health [Internet]. 2017;1-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2017.10.004
6. Loyola S, Gutierrez L, Horna G, Petersen K, Agapito J, Osada J. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae in cell phones of health care workers from Peruvian pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2016;44(8):1-7. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.02.020
7. Zakai S, Mashat A, Abumohssin A, Samarkandi A, Almaghrabi B, Barradah H, et al. Bacterial contamination of cell phones of medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2016;4(3):143-6. Disponible en: http://www.jmau.org/text.asp?2016/4/3/143/224860
8. Brady RRW, Verran J, Damani NN, Gibb AP. Review of mobile communication devices as potential reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens. J Hosp Infect [Internet]. 2009;71(4):295-300. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2008.12.009
9. Kotris I, Drenjančević D, Talapko J, Bukovski S. Identification of microorganisms on mobile phones of intensive care unit health care workers and medical students in the tertiary hospital. Med Glas. 2017;14(1):85-90. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17392/878-16
10. Pillet S, Berthelot P, Mory O, Gay C, Viallon A, Lucht F, et al. Contamination of healthcare workers ’ mobile phones by epidemic viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet]. 2016;22(5):456.e1-456.e6. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.008
11. Kordecka A, Cecylia Ł, Ku W. Isolation frequency of Candida present on the surfaces of mobile phones and handsx. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(238):1-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1577-0
12. Ulger F, Dilek A, Esen S, Sunbul M, Leblebicioglu H. Review Are healthcare workers ’ mobile phones a potential source of nosocomial infections ? Review of the literature. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(10):1046-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6104
13. Oscar BG. Revisiones sistematicas de la literatura. Rev Colomb Gastroenterol. 2005;20 (1):60-9. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcg/v20n1/v20n1a09.pdf
14. Donis J. Tipos de diseños de los estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos. Av en Biomed. 2013;2(2):76-99. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3313/331327989005.pdf
15. Vandenbroucke JP, Elm E Von, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology ( STROBE ): Explanation and elaboration *. Int J Surg [Internet]. 2014;12(12):1500-24. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014
16. Colombia. Ministerio de Salud. Resolución 8430 de 1993 por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Bogotá. El Ministerio; 1993. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/DIJ/RESOLUCION-8430-DE-1993.PDF
17. Colombia. Congreso de la República. Ley Estatutaria 1581 de 2012 por la cual se dictan disposiciones generales para la protección de datos personales. Diario Oficial, 48587 (Oct. 18 2012). Disponible en: http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1581_2012.html
18. Colombia. Ministerio de comercio, industria y turismo. Decreto 1377 de 2013 por el cual se reglamenta parcialmente la Ley 1581 de 2012. Diario Oficial, 48834 (Jun. 27 2013). Disponible en: http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Decretos/2013/Documents/JUNIO/27/DECRETO%201377%20DEL%2027%20DE%20JUNIO%20DE%202013.pdf
19. Colombia. Congreso de la República. Ley 23 de 1982 sobre derechos de autor. Bogotá: El Congreso; 1982. Disponible en: http://derechodeautor.gov.co/documents/10181/182597/23.pdf/a97b8750-8451-4529-ab87-bb82160dd226
20. Colombia. Congreso de la República. Ley 44 de 1993 por la cual se modifica y adiciona la ley 23 de 1982 y se modifica la ley 29 de 1994. Diario oficial 40740 ( Feb. 5 1993). 1993. Disponible en: http://derechodeautor.gov.co/documents/10181/182597/44.pdf/7875d74e-b3ef-4a8a-8661-704823b871b5
21. García-Stuchi R, De-Almeida-Silva C, Soares B, Arreguy-Sena C. Bacterial and fungal contamination of mobile phones belonging to the health team of a hospital in minas gerais state. Cienc Cuid Saude. 2013;12(4):760-7.
22. Nirupa S, Bhabu V, Jeya M. Can mobilephones act as vehicles transmitting nosocomial infections? Int J Pharma Bio Sci Microbiol. 2013;4(1):859-64. Disponible en: https://ijpbs.net/abstract.php?article=MTk4Nw
23. Lee YJ, Yoo C, Lee C, Chung HS. Contamination Rates Between Smart Cell Phones and Non-Smart Cell Phones of Healthcare Workers. J Hosp Med. 2013;8(3):2011-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.2011
24. Muñoz-Escobedo J, Varela-Castillo L, Chávez-Romero P, Becerra-Sánchez A, Moreno-García M. Bacterias patógenas aisladas de teléfonos celulares del personal y alumnos de la Clínica Multidisciplinaria (CLIMUZAC) de la Unidad Académica de Odontología de la UAZ. Arch Venez Farmacol y Ter. 2012;31(2):23-31. Disponible: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55924950005
25. Loyola S, Gutierrez L, Severino N, Tamariz J. Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from cell phones in five intensive care units : Exploratory dispersion analysis. Germs. 2018;8(2):85-91. . Doi: https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1135.
26. Karkee P, Sk M, Humagain P, Thaku N, Timilsina B. Mobile Phone : A Possible Vector of Bacterial Transmission in Hospital Setting. Kathmandu Uni Med. 2017;59(3):217-21. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353896
27. Chang C, Chen S, Lu J, Chang C. Nasal colonization and bacterial contamination of mobile phones carried by medical staff in the operating room. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0175811. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175811
28. Channabasappa S, Venkatarao G, Dharmappa S. A study of microbiological contamination of mobile phones in operating room personnel and efficacy of decontamination with 2% isopropyl alcohol. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2016;5(10):438-41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2016/100
29. Heyba M, Ismaiel M, Alotaibi A, Mahmoud M, Baqer H, Safar A, et al. Microbiological contamination of mobile phones of clinicians in intensive care units and neonatal care units in public hospitals in Kuwait. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2015;15(434):1-9. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1172-9
30. Mark D, Leonard C, Breen H, Graydon R, Gorman CO, Kirk S. Mobile phones in clinical practice : reducing the risk of bacterial contamination. Int J Clin Pr. 2014;68(9):1060-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12448
31. Nwankwo EO, Ekwunife N, Mofolorunsho KC. Nosocomial pathogens associated with the mobile phones of healthcare workers in a hospital in Anyigba , Kogi state , Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2014;4:135-40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2013.11.002
32. Reddy S, Tapashetti S, Prasad B, Kumar V, Kallapanavar N. Microbiological Profile of Organisms Cultured from Medical Staff Mobile Phones in ICU Units at a Tertiary Care Hospital K. Indian J Public Heal Res Dev. 2013;4(4):34-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-5506.4.4.137
33. Brady R, Chitnis S, Stewart R, Graham C, Yalamarthi S, Morris K. NHS Connecting for Health: Healthcare Professionals, Mobile Technology, and Infection Control. Telemed e-health. 2012;18(4):289-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0147
34. Mohammadi-Sichani M, Karbasizadeh V. Bacterial contamination of healthcare workers mobile phones and efficacy of surface decolonization techniques. African J Microbiol Res. 2011;5(30):5415-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1062
35. Brady R, Hunt A, Visvanathan A, Rodrigues M, Graham C, Rae C, et al. Mobile phone technology and hospitalized patients : a cross-sectional surveillance study of bacterial colonization , and patient opinions and behaviours. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(6):830-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03493.x
36. Tekerekoglu M, Duman Y, Serindag A, Cuglan S, Kaysadu H, Tunc E, et al. Do mobile phones of patients, companions and visitors carry multidrug-resistant hospital pathogens ? Am J Infect Control. 2011;39(5):379-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.10.026
37. Srikanth P, Rajaram E, Sudharsanam S, Lakshmanan A, Sivamurugan U, Mariappan S, et al. Mobile phones : emerging threat for infection control. J Infect Prev. 2010;11(3):87-90. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177410364866
38. Sadat-Ali M, Al-Omran AK, Azam Q, Bukari H. Bacterial flora on cell phones of health care providers in a teaching institution. Am J Infect Control Epidemiol [Internet]. 2010;38(5):404-5. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2009.08.007
39. Ulger F, Esen S, Dilek A, Yanik K, Gunaydin M, Leblebicioglu H. Are we aware how contaminated our mobile phones with nosocomial pathogens ? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2009;8(7):1-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-8-7
40. Aronson S. The Lancet on the telephone 1876-1975. Med Hist. 1977;21:69-87. Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1081896/
41. Sakr A, Brégeon F, Mège J, Rolain J, Gobert AP. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization : an update on mechanisms , epidemiology , risk factors , and subsequent infections. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02419
42. Wong JWH, Tang A, Wi V, Wong SYS, Read JM, Kwok KO. Prevalence and risk factors of community- associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in Asia-Pacific region from 2000 to 2016 : a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2018;1489-501. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S160595
43. Jang J, Hur H, Sadowsky MJ, Byappanahalli MN, Yan T, Ishii S. Environmental Escherichia coli : ecology and public health implications — a review. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;123:570-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13468
44. Manning M, David J, Sparnon E, Ballard R. iPads, droids, and bugs: infection prevention for mobile handheld devices at the point of care. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:1073-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.03.304
45. Triana M. La empatía en la relación enfermera- paciente. Av Enferm. 2017;35(2):121-2. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/av.enferm.v35n2.66941
46. Ahmed S, Parsons D. Computers & Education Abductive science inquiry using mobile devices in the classroom. Comput Educ [Internet]. 2013;63:62-72. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.017
47. Hernández M, Garrido F, Martínez E. Sesgos en estudios epidemiológicos. Salud Publica Mex. 2000;42(5):438-46. Disponible en: https://www.scielosp.org/article/ssm/content/raw/?resource_ssm_path=/media/assets/spm/v42n5/3995.pdf
48. Banawas S, Abdel-hadi A, Alaidarous M, Alshehri B, Aziz A, Dukhyil B, et al. Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Associated with Cell Phones of Healthcare Professionals in Selected Hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2018;2018:1-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6598918
49. Khashei R, Ebrahim-Saraie HS, Hadadi M, Ghayem M SH. The occurrence of nosocomial pathogens on cell phones of healthcare workers in an Iranian tertiary care hospital. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666180830165732
50. Cavari Y, Kaplan O, Zander A, Hazan G, Shemer-Avni Y, et al. Healthcare workers mobile phone usage: A potential risk for viral contamination. Surveillance pilot study. Infect Dis. 2016;48(6):432-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/23744235.2015.1133926
2. Coiera E, Aarts J, Kulikowski C. The dangerous decade. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2012;19:2-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000674
3. Cedeño-Luna R, Alcívar-Vaca K, Ponce-Vásquez D. Observations about mobile devices. Dom Cien. 2017;3(4):89-103. Disponible en: http://dominiodelasciencias.com/ojs/index.php/es/index
4. Chopra RC. The Association between Cellular Phone Usage and Brain Neoplasms. 2016;103-15. Disponible en: http://www.scirp.org/journal/odem
5. Hosseini R, Hosseini R, Moradi M. Evaluation of the cell phone microbial contamination in dental and engineering schools : Effect of antibacterial spray. J Epidemiol Glob Health [Internet]. 2017;1-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2017.10.004
6. Loyola S, Gutierrez L, Horna G, Petersen K, Agapito J, Osada J. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae in cell phones of health care workers from Peruvian pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2016;44(8):1-7. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.02.020
7. Zakai S, Mashat A, Abumohssin A, Samarkandi A, Almaghrabi B, Barradah H, et al. Bacterial contamination of cell phones of medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2016;4(3):143-6. Disponible en: http://www.jmau.org/text.asp?2016/4/3/143/224860
8. Brady RRW, Verran J, Damani NN, Gibb AP. Review of mobile communication devices as potential reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens. J Hosp Infect [Internet]. 2009;71(4):295-300. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2008.12.009
9. Kotris I, Drenjančević D, Talapko J, Bukovski S. Identification of microorganisms on mobile phones of intensive care unit health care workers and medical students in the tertiary hospital. Med Glas. 2017;14(1):85-90. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17392/878-16
10. Pillet S, Berthelot P, Mory O, Gay C, Viallon A, Lucht F, et al. Contamination of healthcare workers ’ mobile phones by epidemic viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet]. 2016;22(5):456.e1-456.e6. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.008
11. Kordecka A, Cecylia Ł, Ku W. Isolation frequency of Candida present on the surfaces of mobile phones and handsx. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(238):1-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1577-0
12. Ulger F, Dilek A, Esen S, Sunbul M, Leblebicioglu H. Review Are healthcare workers ’ mobile phones a potential source of nosocomial infections ? Review of the literature. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(10):1046-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6104
13. Oscar BG. Revisiones sistematicas de la literatura. Rev Colomb Gastroenterol. 2005;20 (1):60-9. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcg/v20n1/v20n1a09.pdf
14. Donis J. Tipos de diseños de los estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos. Av en Biomed. 2013;2(2):76-99. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3313/331327989005.pdf
15. Vandenbroucke JP, Elm E Von, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology ( STROBE ): Explanation and elaboration *. Int J Surg [Internet]. 2014;12(12):1500-24. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014
16. Colombia. Ministerio de Salud. Resolución 8430 de 1993 por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Bogotá. El Ministerio; 1993. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/DIJ/RESOLUCION-8430-DE-1993.PDF
17. Colombia. Congreso de la República. Ley Estatutaria 1581 de 2012 por la cual se dictan disposiciones generales para la protección de datos personales. Diario Oficial, 48587 (Oct. 18 2012). Disponible en: http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1581_2012.html
18. Colombia. Ministerio de comercio, industria y turismo. Decreto 1377 de 2013 por el cual se reglamenta parcialmente la Ley 1581 de 2012. Diario Oficial, 48834 (Jun. 27 2013). Disponible en: http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Decretos/2013/Documents/JUNIO/27/DECRETO%201377%20DEL%2027%20DE%20JUNIO%20DE%202013.pdf
19. Colombia. Congreso de la República. Ley 23 de 1982 sobre derechos de autor. Bogotá: El Congreso; 1982. Disponible en: http://derechodeautor.gov.co/documents/10181/182597/23.pdf/a97b8750-8451-4529-ab87-bb82160dd226
20. Colombia. Congreso de la República. Ley 44 de 1993 por la cual se modifica y adiciona la ley 23 de 1982 y se modifica la ley 29 de 1994. Diario oficial 40740 ( Feb. 5 1993). 1993. Disponible en: http://derechodeautor.gov.co/documents/10181/182597/44.pdf/7875d74e-b3ef-4a8a-8661-704823b871b5
21. García-Stuchi R, De-Almeida-Silva C, Soares B, Arreguy-Sena C. Bacterial and fungal contamination of mobile phones belonging to the health team of a hospital in minas gerais state. Cienc Cuid Saude. 2013;12(4):760-7.
22. Nirupa S, Bhabu V, Jeya M. Can mobilephones act as vehicles transmitting nosocomial infections? Int J Pharma Bio Sci Microbiol. 2013;4(1):859-64. Disponible en: https://ijpbs.net/abstract.php?article=MTk4Nw
23. Lee YJ, Yoo C, Lee C, Chung HS. Contamination Rates Between Smart Cell Phones and Non-Smart Cell Phones of Healthcare Workers. J Hosp Med. 2013;8(3):2011-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.2011
24. Muñoz-Escobedo J, Varela-Castillo L, Chávez-Romero P, Becerra-Sánchez A, Moreno-García M. Bacterias patógenas aisladas de teléfonos celulares del personal y alumnos de la Clínica Multidisciplinaria (CLIMUZAC) de la Unidad Académica de Odontología de la UAZ. Arch Venez Farmacol y Ter. 2012;31(2):23-31. Disponible: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55924950005
25. Loyola S, Gutierrez L, Severino N, Tamariz J. Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from cell phones in five intensive care units : Exploratory dispersion analysis. Germs. 2018;8(2):85-91. . Doi: https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1135.
26. Karkee P, Sk M, Humagain P, Thaku N, Timilsina B. Mobile Phone : A Possible Vector of Bacterial Transmission in Hospital Setting. Kathmandu Uni Med. 2017;59(3):217-21. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353896
27. Chang C, Chen S, Lu J, Chang C. Nasal colonization and bacterial contamination of mobile phones carried by medical staff in the operating room. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0175811. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175811
28. Channabasappa S, Venkatarao G, Dharmappa S. A study of microbiological contamination of mobile phones in operating room personnel and efficacy of decontamination with 2% isopropyl alcohol. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2016;5(10):438-41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2016/100
29. Heyba M, Ismaiel M, Alotaibi A, Mahmoud M, Baqer H, Safar A, et al. Microbiological contamination of mobile phones of clinicians in intensive care units and neonatal care units in public hospitals in Kuwait. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2015;15(434):1-9. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1172-9
30. Mark D, Leonard C, Breen H, Graydon R, Gorman CO, Kirk S. Mobile phones in clinical practice : reducing the risk of bacterial contamination. Int J Clin Pr. 2014;68(9):1060-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12448
31. Nwankwo EO, Ekwunife N, Mofolorunsho KC. Nosocomial pathogens associated with the mobile phones of healthcare workers in a hospital in Anyigba , Kogi state , Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2014;4:135-40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2013.11.002
32. Reddy S, Tapashetti S, Prasad B, Kumar V, Kallapanavar N. Microbiological Profile of Organisms Cultured from Medical Staff Mobile Phones in ICU Units at a Tertiary Care Hospital K. Indian J Public Heal Res Dev. 2013;4(4):34-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-5506.4.4.137
33. Brady R, Chitnis S, Stewart R, Graham C, Yalamarthi S, Morris K. NHS Connecting for Health: Healthcare Professionals, Mobile Technology, and Infection Control. Telemed e-health. 2012;18(4):289-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0147
34. Mohammadi-Sichani M, Karbasizadeh V. Bacterial contamination of healthcare workers mobile phones and efficacy of surface decolonization techniques. African J Microbiol Res. 2011;5(30):5415-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1062
35. Brady R, Hunt A, Visvanathan A, Rodrigues M, Graham C, Rae C, et al. Mobile phone technology and hospitalized patients : a cross-sectional surveillance study of bacterial colonization , and patient opinions and behaviours. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(6):830-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03493.x
36. Tekerekoglu M, Duman Y, Serindag A, Cuglan S, Kaysadu H, Tunc E, et al. Do mobile phones of patients, companions and visitors carry multidrug-resistant hospital pathogens ? Am J Infect Control. 2011;39(5):379-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.10.026
37. Srikanth P, Rajaram E, Sudharsanam S, Lakshmanan A, Sivamurugan U, Mariappan S, et al. Mobile phones : emerging threat for infection control. J Infect Prev. 2010;11(3):87-90. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177410364866
38. Sadat-Ali M, Al-Omran AK, Azam Q, Bukari H. Bacterial flora on cell phones of health care providers in a teaching institution. Am J Infect Control Epidemiol [Internet]. 2010;38(5):404-5. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2009.08.007
39. Ulger F, Esen S, Dilek A, Yanik K, Gunaydin M, Leblebicioglu H. Are we aware how contaminated our mobile phones with nosocomial pathogens ? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2009;8(7):1-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-8-7
40. Aronson S. The Lancet on the telephone 1876-1975. Med Hist. 1977;21:69-87. Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1081896/
41. Sakr A, Brégeon F, Mège J, Rolain J, Gobert AP. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization : an update on mechanisms , epidemiology , risk factors , and subsequent infections. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02419
42. Wong JWH, Tang A, Wi V, Wong SYS, Read JM, Kwok KO. Prevalence and risk factors of community- associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in Asia-Pacific region from 2000 to 2016 : a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2018;1489-501. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S160595
43. Jang J, Hur H, Sadowsky MJ, Byappanahalli MN, Yan T, Ishii S. Environmental Escherichia coli : ecology and public health implications — a review. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;123:570-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13468
44. Manning M, David J, Sparnon E, Ballard R. iPads, droids, and bugs: infection prevention for mobile handheld devices at the point of care. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:1073-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.03.304
45. Triana M. La empatía en la relación enfermera- paciente. Av Enferm. 2017;35(2):121-2. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/av.enferm.v35n2.66941
46. Ahmed S, Parsons D. Computers & Education Abductive science inquiry using mobile devices in the classroom. Comput Educ [Internet]. 2013;63:62-72. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.017
47. Hernández M, Garrido F, Martínez E. Sesgos en estudios epidemiológicos. Salud Publica Mex. 2000;42(5):438-46. Disponible en: https://www.scielosp.org/article/ssm/content/raw/?resource_ssm_path=/media/assets/spm/v42n5/3995.pdf
48. Banawas S, Abdel-hadi A, Alaidarous M, Alshehri B, Aziz A, Dukhyil B, et al. Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Associated with Cell Phones of Healthcare Professionals in Selected Hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2018;2018:1-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6598918
49. Khashei R, Ebrahim-Saraie HS, Hadadi M, Ghayem M SH. The occurrence of nosocomial pathogens on cell phones of healthcare workers in an Iranian tertiary care hospital. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666180830165732
50. Cavari Y, Kaplan O, Zander A, Hazan G, Shemer-Avni Y, et al. Healthcare workers mobile phone usage: A potential risk for viral contamination. Surveillance pilot study. Infect Dis. 2016;48(6):432-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/23744235.2015.1133926
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.