Keywords
richtersi group
divergence threshold
cytochrome oxidase I (COI)
integrative taxonomy
How to Cite
Abstract
Because of the great number of species and troubles with their morphological identification, many current taxonomic studies in tardigrades are based on the use of genetic and molecular techniques. In Colombia, studies focused in this discipline are needed to be able to complement the morphological information; consequently, seven COI gene sequences were analyzed in the genus of tardigrade Paramacrobiotus at the lower basin of the Manzanares River, in Santa Marta, and were compared with the sequences of the same genus present in the GenBank database through an analysis of specific divergence and neighbor-joining (NJ). The sequences obtained in the study showed a clear differentiation of the GenBank sequences, while at the same time showed a low intraspecific distance, obtaining a DNA barcoding for a single species. The differences obtained in comparison with the morphological analyses reflect the effectiveness of molecular techniques such as barcoding, emphasizing the importance of integration of molecular techniques to taxonomic studies on tardigrades.References
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. y Lipman, D.J. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403–410.
Beltrán-Pardo, E. y Bernal-Villegas, J. 2009. Acercamiento a los estudios actuales sobre el filo Tardigrada y su importancia en la medicina. Universidad de Medicina de Bogotá 50: 380–403.
Bertolani, R. y Rebecchi, L. 1993. A revision of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae), with some observations on the taxonomic characters of eutardigrades. Zoologica Scripta 22(2): 127–152.
Bertolani, R., Guidetti, R., Jönsson, K.I., Altiero, T., Boschini, D. y Rebecchi L. 2004. Experiences with dormancy in tardigrades. Journal of Limnology 63: 16–25.
Bertolani, R., Rebecchi, L., Giovannini, I. y Cesari, M. 2011. DNA barcoding and integrative taxonomy of Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze 1834, the first tardigrade species to be described, and some related species. Zootaxa 2997: 19–36.
Caicedo, M., Londoño, R. y Quiroga, S. 2014. Catálogo taxonómico de los ositos de agua (Tardigrada) de la cuenca baja de los ríos Manzanares y Gaira, Santa Marta, Colombia. Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural Universidad de Caldas 18(1): 197–209.
Cesari, M., Bertolani, R., Rebecchi, L. y Guidetti, R. 2009. DNA barcoding in Tardigrada: the first case study on Macrobiotus macrocalix Bertolani y Rebecchi 1993 (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 699–706.
Cesari, M., Bertolani, R., Rebecchi, L., Giovannini, I. y Guidetti, R. 2013. A DNA barcoding approach in the study of tardigrades. Journal of Limnology 72(1): 182–198.
Degma, P., Bertolani, R. y Guidetti, R. 2014. Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009-2014, Ver. 27: 31-10-2014)._URL:_http://www.tardigrada.modena.unimo.it/miscellanea/Actual%20checklist%20of%20Tardigrada.pdf. Consultado: 4 de diciembre de 2014.
DeSalle, R., Egan, M.G. y Siddall, M. 2005. The unholy trilogy: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 360: 1905–1916.
Doyère, L.M.F. 1840. Memoire sur les Tardigrades. I. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris 2(14): 269–362.
Filatov, D.A. 2009. Processing and population genetic analysis of multigenic datasets with ProSeq3 software. Bioinformatics 25: 3189–3190.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. y Vrijenhoek, R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294–299.
Guidetti, R., Schill, R.O., Bertolani, R. y Dandekar, T., Wolf, M. 2009. New molecular data for tardigrade phylogeny, with the erection of Paramacrobiotus gen. nov. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 47: 315–321.
Guil, N. y Giribet, G. 2012. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tardigrades-adding genes and taxa to a poorly resolved phylum-level phylogeny. Cladistics 28: 21–49.
Jönsson, K.I. 2007. Tardigrades as a Potential Model Organism in Space Research. Astrobiology 7(5): 757–767.
Kagoshima, H., Imura, S. y Suzuki, A.C. 2013. Molecular and morphological analysis of an Antarctic tardigrade, Acutuncus antarcticus. Journal of Limnology 72(1): 15–23.
Lisi, O., Londoño, R. y Quiroga, S. 2014. Tardigrada from a sub-Andean forest in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with the description of Itaquascon pilatoi sp. nov. Zootaxa 3841(4): 551–562.
Lou, M. y Golding, G.B. 2007. FINGERPRINT: visual depiction of variation in multiple sequence alignments. Molecular Ecology Resources 7(6): 908–914.
Marley, N.J., McInnes, S. y Sands, C.J. 2011. Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela. Zootaxa 2819: 51–64.
Meyer, H. 2013. Terrestrial and freshwater Tardigrada of the Americas. Zootaxa 3747(1): 001–071.
Michalczyk, Ł., Welnicz, W., Frohme, M. y Kaczmarek, Ł. 2012. Redescriptions of three Milnesium Doyère, 1840 taxa (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae), including the nominal species for the genus. Zootaxa 3154: 1–20.
NCBI Resource Coordinators. 2016. Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Nucleid Acids Research 44(D1): D7–D19.
Pilato, G. y Binda, M.G. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa 2404: 1–54.
Schill, R.O. 2007. Comparison of different protocols for DNA preparation and PCR amplification of mitochondrial genes of tardigrades. Journal of Limnology 66(1): 164–170.
Schill, R.O. y Steinbrück, G. 2007. Identification and differentiation of Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada species by riboprinting. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45(3): 184–190.
Schill, R.O., Mali, B., Dandekar, T., Schnölzer, M., Reuter, D. y Frohme, M. 2009. Molecular mechanisms of tolerance in tardigrades: New perspectives for preservation and stabilization of biological material. Biotechnology Advances 27: 348–352.
Schill, R.O., Förster, F., Dandekar, T. y Wolf, M. 2010. Using compensatory base change analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 secondary structures to identify three new species in Paramacrobiotus (Tardigrada). Organisms Diversity and Evolution 10(4): 287–296.
Schwendinger, P.J. y Giribet, G. 2005. The systematics of the south-east Asian genus Fangensis Rambla (Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Stylocellidae). Invertebrates Systematics 19: 297–323.
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. y Kumar, S. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731–2739.