Palabras clave
electricidad; magnetismo; germinación; tratamiento magnético
Cómo citar
Carbonell, M. V., Flórez, M., Martínez, E., & Álvarez, J. (2017). Aportaciones sobre el campo magnético: historia e influencia en sistemas biológicos. Intropica, 12(2). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unimagdalena.edu.co/index.php/intropica/article/view/2282
Resumen
Este artículo repasa la historia del magnetismo siguiendo un orden cronológico que comienza con la evolución del conocimiento científico en las primeras civilizaciones, después en Egipto y China, seguido de la antigua Grecia y Roma. Por último, se describen también la Edad Media y la Edad Moderna. Posteriormente, se comentan los hallazgos de los investigadores más importantes en el campo del electromagnetismo como son Oersted, Biot y Savart, Ampère, Sturgeon, Faraday, Lenz, Maxwell y Coulomb. Se resumen los principios básicos del electromagnetismo, con especial énfasis en la relación entre carga eléctrica y magnetismo. Asimismo, es parte esencial la relación entre campos magnéticos y sistemas biológicos, sobre todo semillas y plantas. Con la ayuda de una minuciosa recopilación de bibliografía, se tratan en detalle los efectos sobre diversas especies de plantas que tiene el campo magnético natural de la Tierra, como magnetismo natural, y de los causados por la aplicación de campos magnéticos estacionarios.Citas
Abeles, F. y Allard, G. 1973. La Ciencia Contemporánea. El siglo XIX. Editorial Destino, Barcelona.
Aladjadjiyan, A. y Ylieva, T. 2003. Influence of stationary magnetic field on the early stages of development of tobacco seeds (Nicotina tabacum, L.). Journal of Central European Agriculture 4(2): 132-136.
Albertini, M.C., Accorsi, A., Citterio, B., Burattini, S., Piacentini, M.P., Uguccioni, F. y Piatti, E. 2003. Morphological and biochemical modifications induced by a static magnetic field on Fusarium culmorum. Biochimie 85(10): 963-70.
Alcázar, S. 2005. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas de avena loca y cardo de castilla. Trabajo Fin de Carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Álvarez, J. 2011. Exposición de semillas de Triticale a campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT. Efectos en la velocidad de germinación y primeras etapas de desarrollo. Trabajo Fin de Carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Arnáldez, R. y Beaujeu, J. 1973. La Ciencia Antigua y Medieval. Editorial Destino. Barcelona.
Azanza, M.J. y Del Moral, A. 1994. Cell membrane biochemistry and neurobiological approach to biomagnetism. Progress in Neurobiology 44: 517-601.
Baghel, L., Kataria, S. y Guruprasad, K.N. 2016. Static magnetic field treatment of seeds improves carbon and nitrogen metabolism under salinity stress in soybean. Bioelectromagnetics 37(7): 455-70.
Bhardwaj, J., Anand, A. y Nagarajan, S. 2012. Biochemical and biophysical changes associated with magnetopriming in germinating cucumber seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 57: 67-73.
Belyavskaya, N.A. 2004. Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Original Research Article Advances in Space Research 34(7): 1566-1574.
Bhatnagar, D. y Dev, A.R. 1977. Some effect of pre-germination exposure of wheat seeds to magnetic fields. Effect on some physiological process. Seed Research 5(2): 129-137.
Blakemore, R. 1975. Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190: 377-379.
Bogatina, N.I., Verkin, B.I., Kordyum, V.A. 1978. Effect of permanent magnetic fields with different intensities on wheat growth rate. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR Serija A, Russian B (4): 352-356.
Braun, E. 2003. Electromagnetismo de la ciencia y la tecnología. Fondo de cultura económica, México D.F.
Bru, L. 1975. Física. Librería Internacional de Romo S.L, Madrid.
Buck, J.A., Hayt, W.H. 2006. Engineering Electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Cakmak, T., Dumlupinar, R. y Erdal, S. 2010. Acceleration of Germination and Early Growth of Wheat and Bean Seedlings Grown Under Various Magnetic Field and Osmotic Conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 31: 120-129.
Campbell, W.F., Mericle, L.W. y Mericle, R.P., Montgomery, D.J., Smith, A.E. 1964. Plant Growth responses, Biological effects of Magnetic Fields. Plenum Press, New York.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Amaya, J.M. 2000. Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a static magnetic field. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 19(1): 115-120.
Carbonell, M.V., Flórez, M., Martínez, E., Maqueda, R. y Amaya, J.M. 2011. Study of stationary magnetic fields on initial growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Seed Science and Technoly 39: 673-679.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Flórez M. 2013.Tratamiento magnético como técnica estimulante de la germinación de semillas de Soja. Revista Ingeniería de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente – EIDENAR 12: 119- 127.
Chao, L. y Walker, D. 1967. Effects of magnetic field on the germination of apple, apricot and peach seeds. Horticultarae science 2(4): 152-153.
Chauhan, T.S. y Agrawal, A.S. 1977. Effect of magnetism on germination of Sonalika wheat. Acta Botanica (India) 5: 66-68.
Chausav, R.P. 1967. Effect of magnetic field and rotation of the Earth on seed germination and shoot growth. Fizologiya Rast 14: 540-543.
Cheng, D.K. 1997. Fundamentos de electromagnetismo para ingeniería. Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana, México D.F.
Dayal, S. y Singh, N. 1986. Effect of seed exposure to magnetic field on the height of tomato plants. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56 (6): 483-487.
De Souza, A., Porras, E. y Casate, R. 1999. Efecto del tratamiento magnético de las semillas de tomate sobre la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas. Investigación agraria, producción y protección vegetales 14(3): 437-444.
Díaz-González, J. 1950. Historia de la Medicina en la Antigüedad. Editorial Barna, Barcelona.
Dini, L. y Abbro, L. 2004. Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures. Micron 36: 195-217.
Dycus, A.M., Shultz, A. y Smith, P. 1966. Effect on early plant growth of nulled and directional magnetic field environment. 3rd International Biomagnetic Symposium. Universidad de Illinois, Chicago.
Es’kov, E.K. y Darkov, V.A. 2003. Consequences of high intensity magnetic effects on the early growth Processes in plant seeds and the development of honeybees. Biology Bulletin 30(5): 617-622.
Es’kov, E.K., Darkov, A.V. y Shvetsov, G.A. 2005. Dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of biological objects on their physiological state and viability. Biofizika 50(2): 357-389.
Es’kov, E.K., Radionov, A. y Yu, A. 2010. Initial growth processes in seeds in magnetic fields, strengthened or weakened in relation to the geomagnetic field. Biology Bulletin 37(1): 49-55.
Flórez, M. 2004. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas y desarrollo de plántulas. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Flórez, M., Carbonell, V. y Martínez, E. 2007. Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic fields: effects on germination and early growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59(1): 68-75.
Flórez, M., Martínez, E. y Carbonell, M.V. 2012. Effect of magnetic field treatment on germination of medicinal plants Salvia officinalis L. and Calendula officinalis L. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 21: 57-63.
Gamow, G. 2001. Biografía de la Física. Alianza Editorial, Madrid.
Gorya, V.S. 1969. The effect of seeds orientation in soil relative to geomagnetic pole on the growth and development of Maize. Brief results of work Moldavian Institute of Plant and Seed Breeding and Agrotechnology of Field Crops, Chisinau.
Gubbels, G.H. 1982. Seedling growth and yield response of flax, buckwheat, sunflower and field pie after pre seedling magnetic treatment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 62: 61-64.
Gusta, L.V., Kirkland, K.J. y Austenson, H.M. 1978. Effects of brief magnetic exposure on cereal germination and seedling growth. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 58: 79-86.
Gutiérrez, A.M., Torres, C. y Díaz, J.E. 2014. Effect of magnetic fields in germination, growth, and microbial florishing in seedlings of Brachiaria humidicola, Panicum maximum, and Zea mays (Poaceae). Revista de Ciencias 18(1): 9-17.
Hajnorouzi, A., Vaezzadeha,M., Ghanatib, F., Jamnezhada, H. y Nahidianb, B. 2011. Growth promotion and a decrease of oxidative stress in maize seedlings by a combination of geomagnetic and weak electromagnetic fields. Journal of Plant Physiology 168: 1123–1128.
Harichand, K.S., Narula, V. y Raj, D. 2002. Effect of magnetic fields on germination, vigour and seed yield of wheat. Seed Research 30(2): 289-293.
Hozayn, M. Amal, A.A. y Abdel-Rahman, H.M.H. 2015. Effect of magnetic field on germination, seedling growth and cytogenetic of onion (Allium cepa L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 10(8): 849-857.
Jristova, M. 1986. Técnicas de Irradiación en la Agricultura y la Industria Alimenticia. Memorias escuela para los problemas actuales de las ciencias nucleares. La Habana.
Kato, R., Kamada, H. y Aashima, M. 1989. Effects of high and very low magnetic field on the growth of hairy roots of Daucus carota and Atropa beladonna. Plant Cell Physiology 30: 605-608.
Kirschvink, J.L., Jones, D.S. y McFadden, B.J. 1985. Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms: A New Biomagnetism. Ed. Plenum Press. New York.
Kirschvink, J. y Walker, M. 2001. Magnetic-based magnetoreception. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11: 462-467.
Kursevich, N.V. y Travkin, M.P. 1973. Effects of magnetic fields with different intensities on some enzymes activities in barely seedlings. En: Belgorod Teacher's Training College Publishing Co. Effects of Natural and Weak Artificial Magnetic Fields on Biological Objects. Belgorod.
Laín Entralgo, P. 1973. Historia Universal de la Medicina. Editorial Salvat. Barcelona. España.
Lebedev, S.I., Baranskiy, P.I., Litvinenko, L.G., Shiyan, L.T. 1977. Barley growth in superweak magnetic field. Electronic Treatment of Materials 3: 71-73.
Lozano, E. 1995. Historia de la electricidad y el magnetismo. Su aplicación en medicina. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España.
Maffei, M.E. 2014. Magnetic field effects on plant growth, development, and evolution. Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 445.
Maqueda, M.R. 2005. Efecto de la exposición a campos magnéticos de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación y primeras etapas de crecimiento del guisante. Trabajo fin de carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Matía, I., González-Camacho, F., Herranz, R., Kiss, J.Z., Gasset, G., J.W.A. van Loon, J., Marco, R. y Medina, F.J. 2009. Plant cell proliferation and growth are altered by microgravity conditions in spaceflight. Journal of Plant Physiology 167: 184-193.
Martínez, E., Carbonell, M.V. y Flórez, M. 2003. Magnetic biostimulation of initial growth stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 21(1): 43-53.
Mouritsen, H. 2001. Navigation in birds and others animals. Image and Vision Computing 19(11): 713-731.
Namba, K., Sasao, A. y Shibusawa, S. 1995. Effect of magnetic field on germination and plant growth. Acta horticulturae 399: 143-147.
Novak, J. y Valeck, L. 1965. Attempt of Demonstrating the Effect of Weak Magnetic Field on Taraxacum officinale. Biologia Plantarum 7(6): 469.
Novitsky, G. V. A., Tserenova, O. A., Kocheshkova, T. K. y Novitskii Yu. I. 2001. The effect of weak permanent magnetic field on cotyledon emergence and neutral lipid content in 5-day-old radish seedlings. Plant under Environmental Stress. University of Russia, Moscú, 212-213.
Panagopoulos, D.J., Karabarbounis, A., Margaritis, L.H. 2002. Mechanism for action of electromagnetic fields on cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 298: 95-102.
Papp, D. 1961. Historia de la Física. Editorial Espasa Calpe, Madrid.
Pérez, C. y Brady, L. 1998. Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. 3ª ed. Editorial Lippincott-Raven, New York.
Phirke, P.S., Patil, M.N., Umbakar, S.P. y Dudhe, Y.H. 1996a. The application of magnetic treatment to seeds: methods and responses. Seed Science and Technology 24: 365-373.
Phirke, P.S., Kubde, A.B. y Umbakar, S.P. 1996b. The influence of field on plant growth. Seed Science and Technology 21: 621-626.
Picazo, M.L., Martínez, E., Carbonell, M.V., Raya, A., Amaya, M. y Bardasano, J.L. 1999. Inhibition in the growth of thistles (Cynara cardunculus, L.) and Lentils (Lens culinaris, L) due to chronic exposure to 50 Hz and 15 μT electromagnetic fields. Electro- and Magnetobiology 18 (2): 147-156.
Pietruszewski, S. 1993. Effect of magnetic seed treatment on yields of wheat. Seed and Technology 21: 621-626.
Pittman, U. 1963. Effects of Magnetism of Cereal Plants. Biomedical Science Instrum 1:117-123.
Pittman, U.J. 1965. Magnetism and growth III. Effect on germination and early growth of corn and beans. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 45: 549-555.
Pittman, U.J. y Omrod, D.P. 1971. Biomagnetic responses in germinating malting barley. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 51: 64-65.
Pittman, U.J. 1972. Biomagnetic responses in potatoes. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 52: 727-733.
Radhakrishnan, R. y Kumari, B.D.R. 2012. Pulsed magnetic field: A contemporary approach offers to enhance plant growth and yield of soybean. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 51: 139-144.
Ruzic, R. y Jerman, I. 1998. Influence of in biological effect of direct and indirect ELF magnetic field simulation. Electro-and magnetobiology 17(2): 205-216.
Ruzic, R. y Jerman, I. 2002. Weak magnetic field decreases heat stress in cress seedlings. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 21: 69-80.
Savostin, P.W. 1930. Magnetic growth relations in plants. Planta 12: 327.
Shine, M.B., Guruprasad, K.N. y Anand, A. 2011. Enhancement of Germination, Growth, and Photosynthesis in Soybean by Pre-Treatment of Seeds with Magnetic Field. Bioelectromagnetics 32: 474-484.
Shiyan, L.T. 1978. Study on the ecological significance geomagnetic fields as an example of plants. SCI. Trans Kursk Teacher´s Training College 191: 82-83.
Singh, P., Rai, K. y Rai, S. 1998. A short note on seedborne magnetic field on mustard (Brassica juncea, L.) crop. Electro- and Magnetobiology 17(a): 99-102.
Smith, S.D., McLeod, B.R. y Liboff, A.R. 1993. Effects of CR-tuned 60 Hz magnetic fields on sprouting and early growth of Raphanus sativus. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics Journal 32: 67-76.
Stern, D.P. 2001. La Tierra, el gran imán. http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/Mdmglist.htm. Consultado: 1 mayo de 2016.
Tarduno, J.A., Cottrell, R.D., Watkeys, M.K., Hofmann, A., Doubrovine, P.V., E.E. Mamajek, D. Liu, D.G. Sibeck, L.P. Neukirch y Usui, Y. 2010. Geodynamo, solar wind, and magnetopause 3.4 to 3.45 billion years ago. Science 327: 1238-1240.
Tipler, P. y Mosca, G. 2008. Electricidad y magnetismo. Luz. Física moderna. Reverté, Barcelona.
Torres, C., Díaz, J.E. y Cabal, P.A. 2008. Efecto de campos magnéticos en la germinación de semillas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) y tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Agronomía colombiana 26(2): 177-185.
Travkin, M.P. 1969. The Effect of Weak Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Root Orientation. Proceedings Science Practice Conference. Belgorod Pedagogical Institute 5: 28-30.
Vakharia, D.N., Davariya, R.L. y Parameswaran, M. 1991. Influence of magnetic treatment on groundnut yield and yield attributes. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 34(2): 131-136.
Vashisth, A. y Nagarajan, S. 2010. Effect on germination and early growth characteristics in sunflower (Helianthus annus) seeds exposed to static magnetic field. Journal of Plant Physiology 167(2): 149-156.
Vetrov, V.S., Gorbatsevich, N.A. y Stratskevich, L.K. 1989. Results of the Use of Growth Simulating Factors of Plants in Cultivation of Maize in Belarus. Abstracts Conference The Use of Low Power Physical Factors in Biology and Agriculture 1:104-105.
Wood, R. 1991. Magnetismo. De la brújula a los imanes superconductores. Editorial McGraw-Hill, Serie de divulgación científica. Madrid, España.
Zúñiga, O., Benavides, J.A., Ospina-Salazar D.I., Jiménez C.O. y Gutiérrez M.A. 2016a. Tratamiento magnético de agua de riego y semillas en agricultura. Ingeniería y Competitividad 18 (2):217 - 232.
Zúñiga, O., Jiménez, C.O., Benavides, J.A. y Torres, C. 2016b. Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Microbial Activity of a Bio-Fertilizer. Revista de Ciencias 20 (1):27-40.
Aladjadjiyan, A. y Ylieva, T. 2003. Influence of stationary magnetic field on the early stages of development of tobacco seeds (Nicotina tabacum, L.). Journal of Central European Agriculture 4(2): 132-136.
Albertini, M.C., Accorsi, A., Citterio, B., Burattini, S., Piacentini, M.P., Uguccioni, F. y Piatti, E. 2003. Morphological and biochemical modifications induced by a static magnetic field on Fusarium culmorum. Biochimie 85(10): 963-70.
Alcázar, S. 2005. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas de avena loca y cardo de castilla. Trabajo Fin de Carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Álvarez, J. 2011. Exposición de semillas de Triticale a campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT. Efectos en la velocidad de germinación y primeras etapas de desarrollo. Trabajo Fin de Carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Arnáldez, R. y Beaujeu, J. 1973. La Ciencia Antigua y Medieval. Editorial Destino. Barcelona.
Azanza, M.J. y Del Moral, A. 1994. Cell membrane biochemistry and neurobiological approach to biomagnetism. Progress in Neurobiology 44: 517-601.
Baghel, L., Kataria, S. y Guruprasad, K.N. 2016. Static magnetic field treatment of seeds improves carbon and nitrogen metabolism under salinity stress in soybean. Bioelectromagnetics 37(7): 455-70.
Bhardwaj, J., Anand, A. y Nagarajan, S. 2012. Biochemical and biophysical changes associated with magnetopriming in germinating cucumber seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 57: 67-73.
Belyavskaya, N.A. 2004. Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Original Research Article Advances in Space Research 34(7): 1566-1574.
Bhatnagar, D. y Dev, A.R. 1977. Some effect of pre-germination exposure of wheat seeds to magnetic fields. Effect on some physiological process. Seed Research 5(2): 129-137.
Blakemore, R. 1975. Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190: 377-379.
Bogatina, N.I., Verkin, B.I., Kordyum, V.A. 1978. Effect of permanent magnetic fields with different intensities on wheat growth rate. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR Serija A, Russian B (4): 352-356.
Braun, E. 2003. Electromagnetismo de la ciencia y la tecnología. Fondo de cultura económica, México D.F.
Bru, L. 1975. Física. Librería Internacional de Romo S.L, Madrid.
Buck, J.A., Hayt, W.H. 2006. Engineering Electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Cakmak, T., Dumlupinar, R. y Erdal, S. 2010. Acceleration of Germination and Early Growth of Wheat and Bean Seedlings Grown Under Various Magnetic Field and Osmotic Conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 31: 120-129.
Campbell, W.F., Mericle, L.W. y Mericle, R.P., Montgomery, D.J., Smith, A.E. 1964. Plant Growth responses, Biological effects of Magnetic Fields. Plenum Press, New York.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Amaya, J.M. 2000. Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a static magnetic field. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 19(1): 115-120.
Carbonell, M.V., Flórez, M., Martínez, E., Maqueda, R. y Amaya, J.M. 2011. Study of stationary magnetic fields on initial growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Seed Science and Technoly 39: 673-679.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Flórez M. 2013.Tratamiento magnético como técnica estimulante de la germinación de semillas de Soja. Revista Ingeniería de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente – EIDENAR 12: 119- 127.
Chao, L. y Walker, D. 1967. Effects of magnetic field on the germination of apple, apricot and peach seeds. Horticultarae science 2(4): 152-153.
Chauhan, T.S. y Agrawal, A.S. 1977. Effect of magnetism on germination of Sonalika wheat. Acta Botanica (India) 5: 66-68.
Chausav, R.P. 1967. Effect of magnetic field and rotation of the Earth on seed germination and shoot growth. Fizologiya Rast 14: 540-543.
Cheng, D.K. 1997. Fundamentos de electromagnetismo para ingeniería. Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana, México D.F.
Dayal, S. y Singh, N. 1986. Effect of seed exposure to magnetic field on the height of tomato plants. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56 (6): 483-487.
De Souza, A., Porras, E. y Casate, R. 1999. Efecto del tratamiento magnético de las semillas de tomate sobre la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas. Investigación agraria, producción y protección vegetales 14(3): 437-444.
Díaz-González, J. 1950. Historia de la Medicina en la Antigüedad. Editorial Barna, Barcelona.
Dini, L. y Abbro, L. 2004. Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures. Micron 36: 195-217.
Dycus, A.M., Shultz, A. y Smith, P. 1966. Effect on early plant growth of nulled and directional magnetic field environment. 3rd International Biomagnetic Symposium. Universidad de Illinois, Chicago.
Es’kov, E.K. y Darkov, V.A. 2003. Consequences of high intensity magnetic effects on the early growth Processes in plant seeds and the development of honeybees. Biology Bulletin 30(5): 617-622.
Es’kov, E.K., Darkov, A.V. y Shvetsov, G.A. 2005. Dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of biological objects on their physiological state and viability. Biofizika 50(2): 357-389.
Es’kov, E.K., Radionov, A. y Yu, A. 2010. Initial growth processes in seeds in magnetic fields, strengthened or weakened in relation to the geomagnetic field. Biology Bulletin 37(1): 49-55.
Flórez, M. 2004. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas y desarrollo de plántulas. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Flórez, M., Carbonell, V. y Martínez, E. 2007. Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic fields: effects on germination and early growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59(1): 68-75.
Flórez, M., Martínez, E. y Carbonell, M.V. 2012. Effect of magnetic field treatment on germination of medicinal plants Salvia officinalis L. and Calendula officinalis L. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 21: 57-63.
Gamow, G. 2001. Biografía de la Física. Alianza Editorial, Madrid.
Gorya, V.S. 1969. The effect of seeds orientation in soil relative to geomagnetic pole on the growth and development of Maize. Brief results of work Moldavian Institute of Plant and Seed Breeding and Agrotechnology of Field Crops, Chisinau.
Gubbels, G.H. 1982. Seedling growth and yield response of flax, buckwheat, sunflower and field pie after pre seedling magnetic treatment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 62: 61-64.
Gusta, L.V., Kirkland, K.J. y Austenson, H.M. 1978. Effects of brief magnetic exposure on cereal germination and seedling growth. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 58: 79-86.
Gutiérrez, A.M., Torres, C. y Díaz, J.E. 2014. Effect of magnetic fields in germination, growth, and microbial florishing in seedlings of Brachiaria humidicola, Panicum maximum, and Zea mays (Poaceae). Revista de Ciencias 18(1): 9-17.
Hajnorouzi, A., Vaezzadeha,M., Ghanatib, F., Jamnezhada, H. y Nahidianb, B. 2011. Growth promotion and a decrease of oxidative stress in maize seedlings by a combination of geomagnetic and weak electromagnetic fields. Journal of Plant Physiology 168: 1123–1128.
Harichand, K.S., Narula, V. y Raj, D. 2002. Effect of magnetic fields on germination, vigour and seed yield of wheat. Seed Research 30(2): 289-293.
Hozayn, M. Amal, A.A. y Abdel-Rahman, H.M.H. 2015. Effect of magnetic field on germination, seedling growth and cytogenetic of onion (Allium cepa L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 10(8): 849-857.
Jristova, M. 1986. Técnicas de Irradiación en la Agricultura y la Industria Alimenticia. Memorias escuela para los problemas actuales de las ciencias nucleares. La Habana.
Kato, R., Kamada, H. y Aashima, M. 1989. Effects of high and very low magnetic field on the growth of hairy roots of Daucus carota and Atropa beladonna. Plant Cell Physiology 30: 605-608.
Kirschvink, J.L., Jones, D.S. y McFadden, B.J. 1985. Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms: A New Biomagnetism. Ed. Plenum Press. New York.
Kirschvink, J. y Walker, M. 2001. Magnetic-based magnetoreception. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11: 462-467.
Kursevich, N.V. y Travkin, M.P. 1973. Effects of magnetic fields with different intensities on some enzymes activities in barely seedlings. En: Belgorod Teacher's Training College Publishing Co. Effects of Natural and Weak Artificial Magnetic Fields on Biological Objects. Belgorod.
Laín Entralgo, P. 1973. Historia Universal de la Medicina. Editorial Salvat. Barcelona. España.
Lebedev, S.I., Baranskiy, P.I., Litvinenko, L.G., Shiyan, L.T. 1977. Barley growth in superweak magnetic field. Electronic Treatment of Materials 3: 71-73.
Lozano, E. 1995. Historia de la electricidad y el magnetismo. Su aplicación en medicina. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España.
Maffei, M.E. 2014. Magnetic field effects on plant growth, development, and evolution. Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 445.
Maqueda, M.R. 2005. Efecto de la exposición a campos magnéticos de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación y primeras etapas de crecimiento del guisante. Trabajo fin de carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Matía, I., González-Camacho, F., Herranz, R., Kiss, J.Z., Gasset, G., J.W.A. van Loon, J., Marco, R. y Medina, F.J. 2009. Plant cell proliferation and growth are altered by microgravity conditions in spaceflight. Journal of Plant Physiology 167: 184-193.
Martínez, E., Carbonell, M.V. y Flórez, M. 2003. Magnetic biostimulation of initial growth stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 21(1): 43-53.
Mouritsen, H. 2001. Navigation in birds and others animals. Image and Vision Computing 19(11): 713-731.
Namba, K., Sasao, A. y Shibusawa, S. 1995. Effect of magnetic field on germination and plant growth. Acta horticulturae 399: 143-147.
Novak, J. y Valeck, L. 1965. Attempt of Demonstrating the Effect of Weak Magnetic Field on Taraxacum officinale. Biologia Plantarum 7(6): 469.
Novitsky, G. V. A., Tserenova, O. A., Kocheshkova, T. K. y Novitskii Yu. I. 2001. The effect of weak permanent magnetic field on cotyledon emergence and neutral lipid content in 5-day-old radish seedlings. Plant under Environmental Stress. University of Russia, Moscú, 212-213.
Panagopoulos, D.J., Karabarbounis, A., Margaritis, L.H. 2002. Mechanism for action of electromagnetic fields on cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 298: 95-102.
Papp, D. 1961. Historia de la Física. Editorial Espasa Calpe, Madrid.
Pérez, C. y Brady, L. 1998. Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. 3ª ed. Editorial Lippincott-Raven, New York.
Phirke, P.S., Patil, M.N., Umbakar, S.P. y Dudhe, Y.H. 1996a. The application of magnetic treatment to seeds: methods and responses. Seed Science and Technology 24: 365-373.
Phirke, P.S., Kubde, A.B. y Umbakar, S.P. 1996b. The influence of field on plant growth. Seed Science and Technology 21: 621-626.
Picazo, M.L., Martínez, E., Carbonell, M.V., Raya, A., Amaya, M. y Bardasano, J.L. 1999. Inhibition in the growth of thistles (Cynara cardunculus, L.) and Lentils (Lens culinaris, L) due to chronic exposure to 50 Hz and 15 μT electromagnetic fields. Electro- and Magnetobiology 18 (2): 147-156.
Pietruszewski, S. 1993. Effect of magnetic seed treatment on yields of wheat. Seed and Technology 21: 621-626.
Pittman, U. 1963. Effects of Magnetism of Cereal Plants. Biomedical Science Instrum 1:117-123.
Pittman, U.J. 1965. Magnetism and growth III. Effect on germination and early growth of corn and beans. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 45: 549-555.
Pittman, U.J. y Omrod, D.P. 1971. Biomagnetic responses in germinating malting barley. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 51: 64-65.
Pittman, U.J. 1972. Biomagnetic responses in potatoes. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 52: 727-733.
Radhakrishnan, R. y Kumari, B.D.R. 2012. Pulsed magnetic field: A contemporary approach offers to enhance plant growth and yield of soybean. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 51: 139-144.
Ruzic, R. y Jerman, I. 1998. Influence of in biological effect of direct and indirect ELF magnetic field simulation. Electro-and magnetobiology 17(2): 205-216.
Ruzic, R. y Jerman, I. 2002. Weak magnetic field decreases heat stress in cress seedlings. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 21: 69-80.
Savostin, P.W. 1930. Magnetic growth relations in plants. Planta 12: 327.
Shine, M.B., Guruprasad, K.N. y Anand, A. 2011. Enhancement of Germination, Growth, and Photosynthesis in Soybean by Pre-Treatment of Seeds with Magnetic Field. Bioelectromagnetics 32: 474-484.
Shiyan, L.T. 1978. Study on the ecological significance geomagnetic fields as an example of plants. SCI. Trans Kursk Teacher´s Training College 191: 82-83.
Singh, P., Rai, K. y Rai, S. 1998. A short note on seedborne magnetic field on mustard (Brassica juncea, L.) crop. Electro- and Magnetobiology 17(a): 99-102.
Smith, S.D., McLeod, B.R. y Liboff, A.R. 1993. Effects of CR-tuned 60 Hz magnetic fields on sprouting and early growth of Raphanus sativus. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics Journal 32: 67-76.
Stern, D.P. 2001. La Tierra, el gran imán. http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/Mdmglist.htm. Consultado: 1 mayo de 2016.
Tarduno, J.A., Cottrell, R.D., Watkeys, M.K., Hofmann, A., Doubrovine, P.V., E.E. Mamajek, D. Liu, D.G. Sibeck, L.P. Neukirch y Usui, Y. 2010. Geodynamo, solar wind, and magnetopause 3.4 to 3.45 billion years ago. Science 327: 1238-1240.
Tipler, P. y Mosca, G. 2008. Electricidad y magnetismo. Luz. Física moderna. Reverté, Barcelona.
Torres, C., Díaz, J.E. y Cabal, P.A. 2008. Efecto de campos magnéticos en la germinación de semillas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) y tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Agronomía colombiana 26(2): 177-185.
Travkin, M.P. 1969. The Effect of Weak Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Root Orientation. Proceedings Science Practice Conference. Belgorod Pedagogical Institute 5: 28-30.
Vakharia, D.N., Davariya, R.L. y Parameswaran, M. 1991. Influence of magnetic treatment on groundnut yield and yield attributes. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 34(2): 131-136.
Vashisth, A. y Nagarajan, S. 2010. Effect on germination and early growth characteristics in sunflower (Helianthus annus) seeds exposed to static magnetic field. Journal of Plant Physiology 167(2): 149-156.
Vetrov, V.S., Gorbatsevich, N.A. y Stratskevich, L.K. 1989. Results of the Use of Growth Simulating Factors of Plants in Cultivation of Maize in Belarus. Abstracts Conference The Use of Low Power Physical Factors in Biology and Agriculture 1:104-105.
Wood, R. 1991. Magnetismo. De la brújula a los imanes superconductores. Editorial McGraw-Hill, Serie de divulgación científica. Madrid, España.
Zúñiga, O., Benavides, J.A., Ospina-Salazar D.I., Jiménez C.O. y Gutiérrez M.A. 2016a. Tratamiento magnético de agua de riego y semillas en agricultura. Ingeniería y Competitividad 18 (2):217 - 232.
Zúñiga, O., Jiménez, C.O., Benavides, J.A. y Torres, C. 2016b. Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Microbial Activity of a Bio-Fertilizer. Revista de Ciencias 20 (1):27-40.
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.