Palabras clave
Nematoda
Nymphs
Tropical streams
Puerto Rico
Cómo citar
Resumen
Nematodes are common symbionts of aquatic insects. Here, we assessed the presence of nematodes in mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera), evaluated their prevalence in the population, and determined factors associated with nematode presence. Mayflies were collected (n = 130) from three stream habitats (riffles, pools, and boulders) using a D net, in Prieta stream, El Verde Field Station, Puerto Rico. Mayflies were dissected and nematode presence was determined under a light microscope (4 x and 10 x). Nematode prevalence was 50 %. Nematodes were not identified beyond Phylum level, but we were able to eliminate various groups as infective agents (Nematoda: Mermithidae and Nematomorpha: Gordiida). They were mostly found in the abdomen, head or thorax of mayflies. There were differences in infection among taxa, Neohagenulus was the group with the highest proportion of infection. Mayfly body shape, feeding strategy, or activity potentially explain differences in infection among taxa. There were no differences in infection among habitats, but mayflies were less abundant in riffles; and there was no relation between mayfly body length and the number of nematodes present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a nematode present in mayfly nymphs in Puerto Rico.Citas
Cross, W.F., Ramírez, A., Santana, A. and Silvestrini, L. 2008. Toward separating the relative importance of invertebrate consumption and bioturbation in Puerto Rican streams. Biotropica 40(4): 477–484.
Domínguez, E., Hubbard, M.D. and Peters, W.L. 1995. Insecta Ephemeroptera. In: Lopretto, E.C. and Tell, G., Editors. Ecosistemas de Aguas Continentales: Metodologías para su estudio. Ediciones Sur, La Plata.
Gamboa, M., Castillo, M.M. and Guerrero, R. 2012. Anacroneuria spp. (Insecta: Plecoptera: Perlidae) as paratenic hosts of Pheromermis sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) in Venezuela. Nematology 14(2): 185–190.
Giblin-Davis, R.M., Kanzaki, N. and Davies, K.A. 2013. Nematodes that Ride Insects: Unforeseen Consequences of Arriving Species. Florida Entomologist 96(3): 770–780.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T. and Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1): 1–9.
Hodda, M. 2006. Nematodes in lotic systems. In: Eyualem- Abebe, E., Traunspurger, W. and Andrassy, I., Editors. Freshwater nematodes: ecology and taxonomy. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Hominick, W. and Welch, H. 1980. Mermithids (Nematoda) and Mayflies (Ephemeroptera). In: Flannagan, J. and Marshall, K., Editors. Advances in Ephemeroptera Biology. Springer, New York.
Kleynhans, K.P. 1999. Collecting and Preserving Nematodes: A Manual for Nematology. ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Looney, C., Hanelt, B. and Zack, R. 2012. New records of nematomorph parasites (Nematomorpha: Gordiida) of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and camel crickets (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae) in Washington State. Journal of Parasitology 98(3): 554–559.
Macías, N.A., Colón-Gaud, C., Duggins, J.W. and Ramírez, A. 2014. Do omnivorous shrimp influence mayfly nymph life history traits in a tropical island stream? Revista de Biología Tropical 62(2): 41–51.
McDowell, W.H., Scatena, F.N., Waide, R.B., Brokaw, N., Camilo, G.R., Covich, A.P., Crowl, T.A., González, G., Greathouse, E.A., Klawinski, P., Lodge, D.J., Lugo, A.E., Pringle, C.M., Richardson, B.A., Richardson, M.J., Schaefer, D.A., Silver, W.L., Thompson, J., Vogt, D.J., Vogt, K.A., Willig, M.R., Woolbright, L.L., Zou, X. and Zimmerman, J. 2012. Geographic and Ecological Setting of the Luquillo Mountains. In: Brokaw, N., Crowl, T.A., Lugo, A.E., McDowell, W.H., Scatena, F.N., Waide, R.B. and Willig, M.R., Editors. A Caribbean Forest Tapestry, The multidimensional nature of disturbance and response. Oxford University Press, New York.
Nickle, W.R. 1972. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Mermithidae (Nematoda). Journal of Nematology 4(2): 113–146.
Pescador, M.L., Masteller, E.C. and Buzby, K.M. 1993. Composition and Phenology of Ephemeroptera from a Tropical Rainforest Stream at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 66(2): 151–159.
Petersen, J.J. 1975. Penetration and Development of the Mermithid Nematode Reesimermis nielseni in Eighteen Species of Mosquitoes. Journal of Nematology 7(3): 207–210.
Poinar, G.O. 1975. Entomogenous Nematodes: A Manual and Host List of Insect-Nematode Associations. Brill Archive, Leiden.
Poinar, G.O. 2003. Trends in the evolution of insect parasitism by nematodes as inferred from fossil evidence. Journal of nematology 35(2): 129–132.
Poinar, G.O. 2015. Phylum Nemata. In: Thorp, J.H. and Rogers, D.C., Editors. Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates Ecology and General Biology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Poinar, G.O. and Thomas, G. 1984. Laboratory Guide to Insect Pathogens and Parasites. Plenum Press, New York.
Ramírez, A. and Gutiérrez-Fonseca, P.E. 2014. Functional feeding groups of aquatic insect families in Latin America: a critical analysis and review of existing literature. Revista de Biología Tropical 62(Supplement 2): 155–167.
Sudhaus, W. 2008. Evolution of insect parasitism in Rhabditid and Diplogastrid nematodes. Advances in arachnology and developmental biology 12: 143–161.
Svensson, B.S. 1979. Pupation, emergence and fecundity of phoretic Epoicocladius ephemerae (Chironomidae). Holarctic Ecology 2(1): 41–50.
Thies, J.A., Merrill, S.B. and Corley, E.L. 2002. Red Food Coloring Stain: New, Safer Procedures for Staining Nematodes in Roots and Egg Masses on Root Surfaces. Journal of Nematology 34(2): 179–181.
Traver, J.R. 1938. Mayflies of Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 22(1): 5–42.
Vance, S. and Peckarsky, B. 1996. The infection of nymphal Baetis bicaudatus (Ephemeroptera) by the mermithid nematode Gasteromermis sp. Ecological Entomology 221: 377–381.
Vance, S. and Peckarsky, B. 1997. The effect of mermithid parasitism on predation of nymphal Baetis bicaudatus (Ephemeroptera) by invertebrates. Oceologia 110: 147–152.
Williams, J.K., Townsend, C.F. and Poulin, R. 2001. Mermithid nematode infections and drift in the mayfly Deleatidium spp. (Ephemeroptera). Journal of Parasitology 87(5): 1225–1227.