Keywords
Resilience
Anxiety
Depression
Poverty
Children
Anxiety
Depression
Poverty
Children
How to Cite
Cervantes-Perea, W.-T. ., Fajardo-Castillo, E. ., & Rodríguez-de Ávila, U.-E. . (2019). Resilience, anxiety, poverty and depression in children of two cities of Colombia. Duazary, 16(2), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.21676/2389783X.3156
Abstract
The objective of the study was to verify if Resilience and Anxiety differ from the cultural context in children in situations of poverty and depression. Two secondary education institutions participated in two marginal zones of two cities of the Colombian Caribbean (Santa Marta and Cartagena). Sampling was intentional non-probabilistic, transverse. The sample consisted of 73 students, between 10 and 12 years of age (22 women and 51 men), all with symptoms of depression, 36 students from Santa Marta and 37 students from Cartagena. The distribution was 73% of high resilience, 25% of moderate resilience and 1.4% of low resilience. 47% were at risk of anxiety and 53% were not at risk. The Chi-square, weighted for Depression, with significance less than 0.05, verified the alternative hypothesis: Resilience and Anxiety differ from the cultural context in children in situations of poverty and depression.References
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9. Grotberg E. The Internacional Resilience Project: Promoting Resilience in Children. Wisconsin: Universidad de Wisconsin; 1995.
10. Vanistendael S. Resilience: a few key issues. Malta: International Catholic Child Bureau; 1994.
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14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
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22. Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Anxiety Disor. 2000; 14: 263–79.
23. Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004; 20: 155–64.
24. Niu GF, Sun XJ, Tian Y, Fan CY, Zhou ZK. Resilience moderates the relationship between ostracism and depression among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 99: 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.059
25. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin. 1995; 117(3): 497–529.
26. Hames JL, Hagan CR, Joiner TE. Interpersonal processes in depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2013; 9(2): 355–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185553
27. Hammell KR. Belonging, occupation, and human well-being: An exploration. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne Dergothérapie. 2014; 81(1): 39–50.
28. Omidvar B, Bahrami F, Fatehizade M, Etemadi O, Ghanizadeh A. Attachment quality and depression in Iranian adolescents. Psychological Studies. 2014; 59(3): 309–15.
29. Yabko BA, Hokoda A, Ulloa EC. Depression as a mediator between family factors and peer-bullying victimization in Latino adolescents. Violence and Victims. 2008; 23(6): 727–42. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.6.727
30. Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Psychological Medicine. 289(23): 3095–3105. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
31. Forrest-Bank S, Nicotera N, Anthony E, Jenson J. Finding their way: Perceptions of risk, resilience and positive youth development among adolescents and young adults from public housing neighbourhoods. Children and Youth Services Review. 2015; 55: 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.015
32. Anthony E. Cluster Profiles of Youths Living in Urban Poverty: Factors Affecting Risk and Resilience. Social Work Research. 2008; 32: 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/32.1.6
33. Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin. 2000; 126(2): 309–37
34. Zolkoski S, Bullock L. Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children and Youth Services Review. 2012; 34: 2295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012. 08.009.
35. Holland J, Reynolds T, Weller S. Transitions, networks and communities: The significance of social capital in the lives of children and young people. Journal of Youth Studies. 2007; 10: 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1080/13676260600881474.
36. Sandersa J, Munforda R, Bodenb J. Culture and context: The differential impact of culture, risks and resources on resilience among vulnerable adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review. 2017; 79: 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.07.007
37. Cutuli J, Desjardins C, Herbers J, Long J, Heistad D, Chan C, et al. Academic achievement trajectories of homeless and highly mobile students: Resilience in the context of chronic and acute risk. Child Development. 2013; 84 (3): 841–57. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1111/cdev.12013
38. Sanders, A. Children in homeless families: Risks to mental health and development. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2017; 61: 335-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 006X.61.2.335
39. Quitian H, Ruiz-Gaviria R, Gómez-Restrepo C, Rondón M. Pobreza y trastornos mentales en la población colombiana, estudio nacional de salud mental 2015. Rev Colomb Psiquiat. 2016: 45 (1s):31-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.02.005
40. Kovacs M. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatric. 1981; 46: 305-15.
41. Kovacs M. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). EEUU: HMS; 1992.
42. González-Arratia N. Resiliencia y personalidad en niños. Cómo desarro¬llarse en tiempos de crisis. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. 2011.
43. González-Arratia N, Valdez-Medina J. Optimismo-pesimismo y resiliencia en adolescentes de una universidad pública. CIENCIA ergo sum. 2012; 19(3): 207-14.
44. León M. Adaptación del inventario de depresión infantil de Kovacs en escolares de la UGEL 02 de Lima Metropolitana .Revista Psique Mag. 2013. Recuperado de http://www.ucvlima.edu.pe/minds/index.html.
45. Canjiea L, Lexina Y, Weiquanb L, Yinga Z, Shengmao P. Depression and resilience mediates the effect of family function on 2 quality of life of the elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 71: 34-42. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.011
46. Hankin BL. Adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2006; 8(1): 102-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.012
47. Lavoie J, Pereira L, Talwar V. Children's Physical Resilience Outcomes: Meta-Analysis of Vulnerability and Protective Factors. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 31(6): 2-11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2016.07.011
48. Bonet C, Fernández M, Chamón M. Depresión, ansiedad y separación en la infancia. Aspectos prácticos para pediatras ocupados. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2011; 13(51): 471-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1139-76322011000300012
2. Holling CS. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics. 1973; 4: 1-23.
3. García-Vesga, M, Domínguez-de la Ossa E. Desarrollo teórico de la Resiliencia y su aplicación en situaciones adversas: Una revisión analítica. Rev.latinoam.cienc.soc.niñez. 2013; 11(1): 63-77. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.11600/1692715x.1113300812
4. Masten A. Resilience come of age: Reflections on the past and outlooks for the next generation of researchers. En M. Glantz & J. Johnson (eds.). Resilience and Development: positive life adaptations, Nueva York: Plenum Publishers, 2001.
5. Cai J., Guo H, Wang D. Review on the Resilient City Research Overseas. Progress in Geography. 2012; 31: 1245-255.
6. Grotberg E. The International Resilience Research Project. En R. Rosswith, (ed.), Psychologists facing the challenge of a global Culture with Human Rights and mental health, Pasbst: Science Publishers, 1999: 237-56.
7. Rutter M. Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Washington D. C: Initiatives Conferences on Fostering Resilience; 1991.
8. Luthar S, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development. 2000; 71 (3): 543-62.
9. Grotberg E. The Internacional Resilience Project: Promoting Resilience in Children. Wisconsin: Universidad de Wisconsin; 1995.
10. Vanistendael S. Resilience: a few key issues. Malta: International Catholic Child Bureau; 1994.
11. Rutter M, Rutter M. Developing Minds: Challenge and Continuity across the Life Span. Londres: Penguin Books; 1992.
12. Suárez EN, Melillo A. Resiliencia: Descubriendo las propias fortalezas. Buenos Aires: Paidós. 2005.
13. Osborn A. Hat is the value of the concept of resilience for policy and intervention. Londres: International Catholic Child Burea; 1993.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
15. Edwards SL, Rapee RM, Kennedy SJ. The assessment of anxiety symptoms in preschool-aged children: the revised Preschool Anxiety Scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010; 39(3): 400-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374411003691701
16. Spence SH, Rapee R, McDonald C, Ingram M. The structure of anxiety symptoms among preschoolers. Behav Res Ther. 2001; 39(11): 1293-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00098-X
17. Strickland J, Keller J, Lavigne JV, Hopkinns J, LeBailly S. The structure of psychopathology in a community sample of preschoolers. Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011; 39(4): 601–10.
18. Whalen D, Sylvester C, Luby J. Depression and Anxiety in Preschoolers A Review of the Past 7 Years. Child Adolesc Psychiatric; 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.006
19. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. AACAP official action: practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997; 36: 69S–84S.
20. Orgilés M, Méndez K, Spence S, Huedo-Medina T, Espada J. Spanish Validation of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2012; 43: 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0265-y
21. Navarro E, Ibáñez C, Meléndez J.C. Una experiencia de intervención en infancia y adolescencia. Boletín de Psicología. 2006; 88: 85–95.
22. Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Anxiety Disor. 2000; 14: 263–79.
23. Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004; 20: 155–64.
24. Niu GF, Sun XJ, Tian Y, Fan CY, Zhou ZK. Resilience moderates the relationship between ostracism and depression among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 99: 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.059
25. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin. 1995; 117(3): 497–529.
26. Hames JL, Hagan CR, Joiner TE. Interpersonal processes in depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2013; 9(2): 355–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185553
27. Hammell KR. Belonging, occupation, and human well-being: An exploration. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne Dergothérapie. 2014; 81(1): 39–50.
28. Omidvar B, Bahrami F, Fatehizade M, Etemadi O, Ghanizadeh A. Attachment quality and depression in Iranian adolescents. Psychological Studies. 2014; 59(3): 309–15.
29. Yabko BA, Hokoda A, Ulloa EC. Depression as a mediator between family factors and peer-bullying victimization in Latino adolescents. Violence and Victims. 2008; 23(6): 727–42. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.6.727
30. Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Psychological Medicine. 289(23): 3095–3105. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
31. Forrest-Bank S, Nicotera N, Anthony E, Jenson J. Finding their way: Perceptions of risk, resilience and positive youth development among adolescents and young adults from public housing neighbourhoods. Children and Youth Services Review. 2015; 55: 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.015
32. Anthony E. Cluster Profiles of Youths Living in Urban Poverty: Factors Affecting Risk and Resilience. Social Work Research. 2008; 32: 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/32.1.6
33. Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin. 2000; 126(2): 309–37
34. Zolkoski S, Bullock L. Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children and Youth Services Review. 2012; 34: 2295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012. 08.009.
35. Holland J, Reynolds T, Weller S. Transitions, networks and communities: The significance of social capital in the lives of children and young people. Journal of Youth Studies. 2007; 10: 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1080/13676260600881474.
36. Sandersa J, Munforda R, Bodenb J. Culture and context: The differential impact of culture, risks and resources on resilience among vulnerable adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review. 2017; 79: 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.07.007
37. Cutuli J, Desjardins C, Herbers J, Long J, Heistad D, Chan C, et al. Academic achievement trajectories of homeless and highly mobile students: Resilience in the context of chronic and acute risk. Child Development. 2013; 84 (3): 841–57. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1111/cdev.12013
38. Sanders, A. Children in homeless families: Risks to mental health and development. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2017; 61: 335-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 006X.61.2.335
39. Quitian H, Ruiz-Gaviria R, Gómez-Restrepo C, Rondón M. Pobreza y trastornos mentales en la población colombiana, estudio nacional de salud mental 2015. Rev Colomb Psiquiat. 2016: 45 (1s):31-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.02.005
40. Kovacs M. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatric. 1981; 46: 305-15.
41. Kovacs M. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). EEUU: HMS; 1992.
42. González-Arratia N. Resiliencia y personalidad en niños. Cómo desarro¬llarse en tiempos de crisis. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. 2011.
43. González-Arratia N, Valdez-Medina J. Optimismo-pesimismo y resiliencia en adolescentes de una universidad pública. CIENCIA ergo sum. 2012; 19(3): 207-14.
44. León M. Adaptación del inventario de depresión infantil de Kovacs en escolares de la UGEL 02 de Lima Metropolitana .Revista Psique Mag. 2013. Recuperado de http://www.ucvlima.edu.pe/minds/index.html.
45. Canjiea L, Lexina Y, Weiquanb L, Yinga Z, Shengmao P. Depression and resilience mediates the effect of family function on 2 quality of life of the elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 71: 34-42. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.011
46. Hankin BL. Adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2006; 8(1): 102-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.012
47. Lavoie J, Pereira L, Talwar V. Children's Physical Resilience Outcomes: Meta-Analysis of Vulnerability and Protective Factors. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 31(6): 2-11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2016.07.011
48. Bonet C, Fernández M, Chamón M. Depresión, ansiedad y separación en la infancia. Aspectos prácticos para pediatras ocupados. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2011; 13(51): 471-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1139-76322011000300012
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