Keywords
rheophilic fish; microsatellites; ecosystem fragmentation; genetic variability
How to Cite
Fontalvo, P. P., Berdugo, G. O., & Narváez Barandica, J. (2018). Diversity and genetic structure of Prochilodus magdalenae (Pisces: Prochilodontidae) upstream and downstream Betania, Colombia. Intropica, 13(2), 87–100. Retrieved from https://revistas.unimagdalena.edu.co/index.php/intropica/article/view/2505
Abstract
The Magdalena River is one of the most important basins in Colombia, it has a large number of important fish species for the economy of many communities in the country. However, there’s been a reduction in the population caused by different factors. One of the major problems is the construction of the Betania dam, in response to the energy requirements in Colombia. However, migratory species such as Prochilodus magdalenae, of economic importance for the artisanal fishery, have been seriously affected. For this reason, it became neccesary to analyze its genetic diversity and structure, taking into account the construction of the dam as a possible factor of fragmentation. For this purpose, the use of microsatellites as a molecular marker in different study locations upstream and downstream of the dam is adequate. It was possible to evaluate in 171 individuals the state of genetic diversity. In this respect, 111 alleles distributed in seven loci 100% polymorphic were obtained. The overall averages for the heterozygosity observed were 0.2169, while the expected ones were 0.8316. The Fst and PhiPT statistics showed that there is a moderate differentiation between Betania’s locality and all the localities sampled. The analysis of Bayesian inference detected the coexistence of three populations in the river basin, being the Betania’s locality represented only by one of the three populations registered in the basin. These results can be presented due to the fragmentation generated by the dam in the river, preventing the genetic flow between the locations upstream and downstream of the dam.References
Agostinho, A., Vazzoler, A., Gomes, L. y Okada, E. 1993. Estratificación espacial y comportamiento de Prochilodus scrofa en distintas fases del ciclo de vida, en la planicie de inundación del alto del río Paraná y embalse de Itaipu, Paraná, Brasil. Revista de Hydrobiología Tropical 26 (1): 79-90.
Agostinho, A., Gomes, L. y Zalewski, M. 2001. The importance of floodplains for the dynamics of fish communities of the upper river Paraná. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 1 (1): 209-217.
Agostinho, A., Pelicice, F. y Gomes, L. 2008. Dams and the fish fauna of the neotropical region: Impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68 (4): 1119-1132.
Atencio, V. 2001. Producción de alevinos de especies nativas. MVZ-Córdoba 6 (1): 9-14.
Barroca, T., Arantes, F., Magalhaes, B., Siqueira, F., Horta, C., Pena, I., Dergam, J. y Kalapothakis, E. 2012a. Genetic diversity and population structure of Prochilodus costatus and Prochilodus argenteus preceding dam construction in the Paraopeba River, São Francisco River Basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Open Journal Genetics 2: 121-130.
Barroca, T., Santos, G., Duarte, N. y Kalapothakis, E. 2012b. Evaluation of geneic diversity population structure in a comercially important freshwater fish Prochilodus costatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) using complex hypervariable repeats. Genetics and Molecular Research 1: 1 - 12.
Bustamante, R. y Grez, A. 1995. Consecuencias ecológicas de la fragmentación de Bosques Nativos. Ambiente y Desarrollo 11(2):58-63.
Carrillo-Avila, M., Espinosa-León, L., Cruz-Flor, W. y Perdomo-Aguirre, Y. 2014. Caracterización genética de Ichthyoelephas longirostris de los ríos La Miel y Ranchería usando marcadores microsatelites. Orinoquía 18(2):1-10.
Carvalho-Costa, L., Hatanaka, T y Galetti, P. 2008. Evidence of lack of population substructuring in the Brazilian freshwater fish Prochilodus costatus. Genetics and Molecular Biology 31 (1): 377-380.
Cortés, G. A. 2003. Guía para el manejo, cría y conservación del Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae Steindachner. Convenio Andrés Bello. Bogotá D. C., 42 pp.
Dantas, H. 2010. Avaliação da estrutura genética do surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Actinopterigy, Siluriformes) como subsidio para o repovoamento do submédio São Francisco. Masters Thesis Universidade Federal Rural do Pernambuco. Recife, Brazil.
Earl, D. y VonHoldt, B. 2012. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Consevation Genetics 4 (2): 359-361.
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. y Goudet, J. 2005. Detecting the number of cluster of individuals using the software Structure: A simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14: 2611-2620.
Fundación Humedales. 2008. Evaluación pesquera y repoblamientos en el embalse de Betania: Fundación Humedales. Informe final de contrato para EGEMSA S.A. Bogotá.
Galzerani, F. 2007. Análise da variabilidade genética de Prochilodus argenteus (Pisces, Prochilodontidae) do rio São Francisco, região de Três Marias, através de marcadores microsatélites. Monography, Dept. Genetics and Evolution, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.
Garcia De Leon, F. Chikhi, L. y Bonhomme, F. 1997. Microsatellite polymorphism and population subdivision in natural populations of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linneo 1758). Molecular Ecology 6:51-62.
Godinho, A. y Kynard, B. 2006. Migration and spawning of radio-tagged zulega Prochilodus argenteus in a dammed Brazilian River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135: 811-824.
Goudet, J. 1995. FSTAT: A program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3).
Guevara, L. 2015. Evaluación de la estructura genética de la población silvestre y cultivada del Bocachico Prochilodus reticulatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) asociada a la cuenca del río Catatumbo y a centros piscícolas en el departamento del Norte de Santander. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Ocaña.
Guo, S. y Thompson, E. 1992. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple aleles. Biometrics 48: 361-372.
Hatanaka, T., Silva, F. y Galetti, P. 2006. Population substructuring in a migratory freshwater fish Prochilodus argenteus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) from the São Francisco River. Genética 126:153-159.
Hubisz, M., Falush, D., Stephens, M. y Pritchard, J. 2009. Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information. Molecular Ecology Resource 9: 1322-1332.
IDEAM - Cormagdalena. 2001. Estudio ambiental de la Cuenca Magdalena-Cauca y elementos para su ordenamiento territorial. Informe técnico. Acuerdo IDEAM - Cormagdalena convenio 003 de 1999. Bogotá, D.C.
Instituto Alexander von Humboldt IAVH. 2002. Sistema de indicadores de seguimiento de la política de Biodiversidad. Unidad de Sistemas de Información Geográfica SIG. Bogotá.
Jiménez-Segura, L., Palacio, J. y Leite, R. 2010. River flooding and reproduction of migratory fish species in the Magdalena river basin, Colombia. Ecology of Freshwather Fish 19: 178-186.
Jiménez-Segura, L., Restrepo-Santamaría, D., López-Casas, S., Delgado, J., Valderrama, M., Álvarez, J. y Gómez, D. 2014. Ictiofauna y desarrollo del sector hidroeléctrico en la cuenca del río Magdalena-Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 15 (2): 3 - 25.
Jorgensen, H., Hansen, M., Bekkevold, D., Ruzzante, D. y Loeschcke, V. 2005. Marine landscapes and population genetic structure of herring (Clupeaharengus L.) in the Baltic Sea. Molecular Ecology 14: 3219-3234.
Keeney, D., Heupel, M., Hueter, R. y Heist, E. 2005. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of the genetic structure of blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) nurseries in the northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Molecular Ecology 14: 1911-1923.
Kopas, J. y Puentes, A. 2009. Grandes represas en América ¿Peor el remedio que la enfermedad? Informe Técnico. Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Medio Ambiente AIDA. Oakland.
Laikre, L., Palm, S. y Ryman, N. 2005. Genetic population structure of fishes: implication s for coastal zone management. Ambio 34: 111-119.
Lasso, C., Gutierrez, F., Morales-Betancourt, M., Agudelo, E., Ramírez-Gil, H. y Ajiaco-Martínez, E. 2011. II. Pesquerías continentales de Colombia: cuencas del Magdalena-Cauca, Sinú, Canalete, Atrato, Orioco, Amazonas y vertiente del Pacífico. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, Instituto de Investigación de los recursos Biológicos Alexander Von Humboldt. Bogotá, D.C.
López-Casas, S., Jiménez-Segura, L., Agostinho, A. y Pérez, C. 2016. Potamodromous migrations in the Magdalena River basin: bimodal reproductive patterns in neotropical rivers. Journal of Fish Biology 1-15.
Luikart, G. y Cornuet, J. 1998. Empirical evaluation of a test for identifying recently bottlenecked populations from allele frequency data. Conservation Biology 12(1):228-237.
Maldonado-Ocampo, J., Ortega-Lara, A., Usma, J., Galvis, G., Villa-Navarro, F., Vásquez, L., Prada-Pedreros, S. y Ardila, C. 2005. Peces de los Andes de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos BiológicosAlexander Von Humboldt. Bogotá D.C.
Martínez-Silva, P. 2015. Variación espacio-temporal de microalgas acuáticas del embalse de Betania, Huila y su relación con la calidad del agua. Intropica 10: 11-19.
Mojica, J., Usma, J., Álvarez-León, R. y Lasso, C. 2012. Libro rojo de peces dulceacuícolas de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, WWF Colombia y Universidad de Manizales. Bogotá, D.C.
O’connell, M. y Wright, J. 1997. Microsatellite DNA in fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 7(1): 331–363.
Orozco, G. y Narváez, J. 2014. Genetic diversity and population structure of Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae (Pisces, Prochilodontidae) in the Magdalena River basin and its tributaries, Colombia. Genetics and Molecular Biology 37 (1): 37-45.
Park, S., 2001. Trypanotolerance in Western African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection. Ph.D. Genetic Department, University of Dublin, Ireland.
Peakall, R. y Smouse, P. 2006. GenAlex6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Resources (6): 288-295.
Pelicice, F., Pompeu, P. y Agostinho, A. 2014. Large reservoirs as ecological barriers to downstream movements of Neotropical migratory fish. Fish and Fisheries 1-19.
Pereira, L., Foresti, F. y Oliveira, C. 2009. Genetic structure of the migratory catfish Pseudoplatistoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) suggest homing behaviour. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 18: 215-225.
Pompeu, P., Mascarenhas, L. y Barreira, C. 2009. Evaluation of the effects of pressure gradients on four brazilianfreshwater fish species. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52 (1): 111-118.
Ramírez, A. y Pinilla, G. 2012. Hábitos alimentarios, morfometría y estados gonadales de cinco especies de peces en diferentes períodos cilmáticos en el río Sogamoso (Santander, Colombia). Acta Biológica Colombiana 17 (2): 241-258.
Raymond, M. y Rousset, F. 1995. Testing Heterozygote excess and deficiency. Genetics 140: 1413-1419.
Rodríguez, M. 2015. ¿Para dónde va el río Magdalena? Riesgos sociales, ambientales y económicos del proyecto de navegabilidad. Friedich-Ebert-Stifungen Colombia (Fescol). Bogotá D.C.
Rueda, E., Sommer, J., Scarabotti, P., Markariani, R., y Ortí, G. 2011. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the migratory freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae). Conservation Genetics Resource 3 (4): 681-684.
Sanches, A. 2007. Estrutura genética populacional de Brycon hilarii na sub-bacia do Rio Miranda, e seu significado para programas de conservação. Doctoral Thesis, UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.
Sanches, A., Galetti, P., Galzerani, F., Derazo, J., Cutilak-Bianchi, B. y Hatakana, T. 2012. Genetic population structure of two migratory freshwater fish species (Brycon orthotaenia and Prochilodus argenteus) from the Sao Francisco River in Brazil and its significance for conservation. Latin American Journal of AquaticResearch 40 (1): 177-186.
Santacruz-Beltrán, D. 2003. Evaluación de la variabilidad genética conmarcadores microsatelites del Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae (Steindachner 1878) en el Río Sinú, Colombia. Tesis de Grado, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
Schneider, S., Roessli, D. y Excoffier, L. 2000. Arlequin: A software for population genetics data analysis. V.2.000. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
Silva, A. 2011. Estrutura genética populacional de Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes 1850 (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) no alto São Francisco. Masters Thesis, Universidade Federal de São Carlos. São Carlos, Brazil.
Tosic, M., Narváez-Flórez, S. y Parra, J. P. 2013. Selection of parameters in the design of beach coastal water quality monitoring programs. Intropica 8: 43-51.
Van Oosterhout, C., Hutchinson, W., Wills, D. y Shipley, P. 2004. MICRO-CHECKER: Software for identifyng and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 535-538.
Vrijenhoek, R. 1998. Conservation genetics of freshwater fish. Journal of Fish Biology. 53: 394-412.
Waples, R., Zabel, R., Scheuerell, M. y Sanderson, B. 2008. Evolutionary responses by native species to major anthropogenic changes to their ecosystems: Pacific salmon in the Columbia River hydropower system. Molecular Ecology 17:84–96.
Weir, B., y Cockerham, C. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38 (6): 1358-1370.
Wright, E. 1978. Evolution and Genetics of Population. Vol. 2: The theory of gene frequencies. Press, London: University of Chicago.
Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Ridgway, N. y McMaster, C. 2001. Novel members of the human oxysterol-binding protein family bind phospholipids and regulate vesicle transport. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (21):18407-18414.
Agostinho, A., Gomes, L. y Zalewski, M. 2001. The importance of floodplains for the dynamics of fish communities of the upper river Paraná. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 1 (1): 209-217.
Agostinho, A., Pelicice, F. y Gomes, L. 2008. Dams and the fish fauna of the neotropical region: Impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68 (4): 1119-1132.
Atencio, V. 2001. Producción de alevinos de especies nativas. MVZ-Córdoba 6 (1): 9-14.
Barroca, T., Arantes, F., Magalhaes, B., Siqueira, F., Horta, C., Pena, I., Dergam, J. y Kalapothakis, E. 2012a. Genetic diversity and population structure of Prochilodus costatus and Prochilodus argenteus preceding dam construction in the Paraopeba River, São Francisco River Basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Open Journal Genetics 2: 121-130.
Barroca, T., Santos, G., Duarte, N. y Kalapothakis, E. 2012b. Evaluation of geneic diversity population structure in a comercially important freshwater fish Prochilodus costatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) using complex hypervariable repeats. Genetics and Molecular Research 1: 1 - 12.
Bustamante, R. y Grez, A. 1995. Consecuencias ecológicas de la fragmentación de Bosques Nativos. Ambiente y Desarrollo 11(2):58-63.
Carrillo-Avila, M., Espinosa-León, L., Cruz-Flor, W. y Perdomo-Aguirre, Y. 2014. Caracterización genética de Ichthyoelephas longirostris de los ríos La Miel y Ranchería usando marcadores microsatelites. Orinoquía 18(2):1-10.
Carvalho-Costa, L., Hatanaka, T y Galetti, P. 2008. Evidence of lack of population substructuring in the Brazilian freshwater fish Prochilodus costatus. Genetics and Molecular Biology 31 (1): 377-380.
Cortés, G. A. 2003. Guía para el manejo, cría y conservación del Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae Steindachner. Convenio Andrés Bello. Bogotá D. C., 42 pp.
Dantas, H. 2010. Avaliação da estrutura genética do surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Actinopterigy, Siluriformes) como subsidio para o repovoamento do submédio São Francisco. Masters Thesis Universidade Federal Rural do Pernambuco. Recife, Brazil.
Earl, D. y VonHoldt, B. 2012. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Consevation Genetics 4 (2): 359-361.
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. y Goudet, J. 2005. Detecting the number of cluster of individuals using the software Structure: A simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14: 2611-2620.
Fundación Humedales. 2008. Evaluación pesquera y repoblamientos en el embalse de Betania: Fundación Humedales. Informe final de contrato para EGEMSA S.A. Bogotá.
Galzerani, F. 2007. Análise da variabilidade genética de Prochilodus argenteus (Pisces, Prochilodontidae) do rio São Francisco, região de Três Marias, através de marcadores microsatélites. Monography, Dept. Genetics and Evolution, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.
Garcia De Leon, F. Chikhi, L. y Bonhomme, F. 1997. Microsatellite polymorphism and population subdivision in natural populations of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linneo 1758). Molecular Ecology 6:51-62.
Godinho, A. y Kynard, B. 2006. Migration and spawning of radio-tagged zulega Prochilodus argenteus in a dammed Brazilian River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135: 811-824.
Goudet, J. 1995. FSTAT: A program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3).
Guevara, L. 2015. Evaluación de la estructura genética de la población silvestre y cultivada del Bocachico Prochilodus reticulatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) asociada a la cuenca del río Catatumbo y a centros piscícolas en el departamento del Norte de Santander. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Ocaña.
Guo, S. y Thompson, E. 1992. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple aleles. Biometrics 48: 361-372.
Hatanaka, T., Silva, F. y Galetti, P. 2006. Population substructuring in a migratory freshwater fish Prochilodus argenteus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) from the São Francisco River. Genética 126:153-159.
Hubisz, M., Falush, D., Stephens, M. y Pritchard, J. 2009. Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information. Molecular Ecology Resource 9: 1322-1332.
IDEAM - Cormagdalena. 2001. Estudio ambiental de la Cuenca Magdalena-Cauca y elementos para su ordenamiento territorial. Informe técnico. Acuerdo IDEAM - Cormagdalena convenio 003 de 1999. Bogotá, D.C.
Instituto Alexander von Humboldt IAVH. 2002. Sistema de indicadores de seguimiento de la política de Biodiversidad. Unidad de Sistemas de Información Geográfica SIG. Bogotá.
Jiménez-Segura, L., Palacio, J. y Leite, R. 2010. River flooding and reproduction of migratory fish species in the Magdalena river basin, Colombia. Ecology of Freshwather Fish 19: 178-186.
Jiménez-Segura, L., Restrepo-Santamaría, D., López-Casas, S., Delgado, J., Valderrama, M., Álvarez, J. y Gómez, D. 2014. Ictiofauna y desarrollo del sector hidroeléctrico en la cuenca del río Magdalena-Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 15 (2): 3 - 25.
Jorgensen, H., Hansen, M., Bekkevold, D., Ruzzante, D. y Loeschcke, V. 2005. Marine landscapes and population genetic structure of herring (Clupeaharengus L.) in the Baltic Sea. Molecular Ecology 14: 3219-3234.
Keeney, D., Heupel, M., Hueter, R. y Heist, E. 2005. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of the genetic structure of blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) nurseries in the northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Molecular Ecology 14: 1911-1923.
Kopas, J. y Puentes, A. 2009. Grandes represas en América ¿Peor el remedio que la enfermedad? Informe Técnico. Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Medio Ambiente AIDA. Oakland.
Laikre, L., Palm, S. y Ryman, N. 2005. Genetic population structure of fishes: implication s for coastal zone management. Ambio 34: 111-119.
Lasso, C., Gutierrez, F., Morales-Betancourt, M., Agudelo, E., Ramírez-Gil, H. y Ajiaco-Martínez, E. 2011. II. Pesquerías continentales de Colombia: cuencas del Magdalena-Cauca, Sinú, Canalete, Atrato, Orioco, Amazonas y vertiente del Pacífico. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, Instituto de Investigación de los recursos Biológicos Alexander Von Humboldt. Bogotá, D.C.
López-Casas, S., Jiménez-Segura, L., Agostinho, A. y Pérez, C. 2016. Potamodromous migrations in the Magdalena River basin: bimodal reproductive patterns in neotropical rivers. Journal of Fish Biology 1-15.
Luikart, G. y Cornuet, J. 1998. Empirical evaluation of a test for identifying recently bottlenecked populations from allele frequency data. Conservation Biology 12(1):228-237.
Maldonado-Ocampo, J., Ortega-Lara, A., Usma, J., Galvis, G., Villa-Navarro, F., Vásquez, L., Prada-Pedreros, S. y Ardila, C. 2005. Peces de los Andes de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos BiológicosAlexander Von Humboldt. Bogotá D.C.
Martínez-Silva, P. 2015. Variación espacio-temporal de microalgas acuáticas del embalse de Betania, Huila y su relación con la calidad del agua. Intropica 10: 11-19.
Mojica, J., Usma, J., Álvarez-León, R. y Lasso, C. 2012. Libro rojo de peces dulceacuícolas de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, WWF Colombia y Universidad de Manizales. Bogotá, D.C.
O’connell, M. y Wright, J. 1997. Microsatellite DNA in fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 7(1): 331–363.
Orozco, G. y Narváez, J. 2014. Genetic diversity and population structure of Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae (Pisces, Prochilodontidae) in the Magdalena River basin and its tributaries, Colombia. Genetics and Molecular Biology 37 (1): 37-45.
Park, S., 2001. Trypanotolerance in Western African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection. Ph.D. Genetic Department, University of Dublin, Ireland.
Peakall, R. y Smouse, P. 2006. GenAlex6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Resources (6): 288-295.
Pelicice, F., Pompeu, P. y Agostinho, A. 2014. Large reservoirs as ecological barriers to downstream movements of Neotropical migratory fish. Fish and Fisheries 1-19.
Pereira, L., Foresti, F. y Oliveira, C. 2009. Genetic structure of the migratory catfish Pseudoplatistoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) suggest homing behaviour. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 18: 215-225.
Pompeu, P., Mascarenhas, L. y Barreira, C. 2009. Evaluation of the effects of pressure gradients on four brazilianfreshwater fish species. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52 (1): 111-118.
Ramírez, A. y Pinilla, G. 2012. Hábitos alimentarios, morfometría y estados gonadales de cinco especies de peces en diferentes períodos cilmáticos en el río Sogamoso (Santander, Colombia). Acta Biológica Colombiana 17 (2): 241-258.
Raymond, M. y Rousset, F. 1995. Testing Heterozygote excess and deficiency. Genetics 140: 1413-1419.
Rodríguez, M. 2015. ¿Para dónde va el río Magdalena? Riesgos sociales, ambientales y económicos del proyecto de navegabilidad. Friedich-Ebert-Stifungen Colombia (Fescol). Bogotá D.C.
Rueda, E., Sommer, J., Scarabotti, P., Markariani, R., y Ortí, G. 2011. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the migratory freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae). Conservation Genetics Resource 3 (4): 681-684.
Sanches, A. 2007. Estrutura genética populacional de Brycon hilarii na sub-bacia do Rio Miranda, e seu significado para programas de conservação. Doctoral Thesis, UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.
Sanches, A., Galetti, P., Galzerani, F., Derazo, J., Cutilak-Bianchi, B. y Hatakana, T. 2012. Genetic population structure of two migratory freshwater fish species (Brycon orthotaenia and Prochilodus argenteus) from the Sao Francisco River in Brazil and its significance for conservation. Latin American Journal of AquaticResearch 40 (1): 177-186.
Santacruz-Beltrán, D. 2003. Evaluación de la variabilidad genética conmarcadores microsatelites del Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae (Steindachner 1878) en el Río Sinú, Colombia. Tesis de Grado, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
Schneider, S., Roessli, D. y Excoffier, L. 2000. Arlequin: A software for population genetics data analysis. V.2.000. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
Silva, A. 2011. Estrutura genética populacional de Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes 1850 (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) no alto São Francisco. Masters Thesis, Universidade Federal de São Carlos. São Carlos, Brazil.
Tosic, M., Narváez-Flórez, S. y Parra, J. P. 2013. Selection of parameters in the design of beach coastal water quality monitoring programs. Intropica 8: 43-51.
Van Oosterhout, C., Hutchinson, W., Wills, D. y Shipley, P. 2004. MICRO-CHECKER: Software for identifyng and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 535-538.
Vrijenhoek, R. 1998. Conservation genetics of freshwater fish. Journal of Fish Biology. 53: 394-412.
Waples, R., Zabel, R., Scheuerell, M. y Sanderson, B. 2008. Evolutionary responses by native species to major anthropogenic changes to their ecosystems: Pacific salmon in the Columbia River hydropower system. Molecular Ecology 17:84–96.
Weir, B., y Cockerham, C. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38 (6): 1358-1370.
Wright, E. 1978. Evolution and Genetics of Population. Vol. 2: The theory of gene frequencies. Press, London: University of Chicago.
Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Ridgway, N. y McMaster, C. 2001. Novel members of the human oxysterol-binding protein family bind phospholipids and regulate vesicle transport. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (21):18407-18414.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.