Resistencia antimicrobiana emergente en entornos no clínicos: mecanismos, impacto y perspectivas futuras
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La resistencia antimicrobiana se ha convertido en un problema a nivel de salud pública que representa una amenaza creciente en diversos entornos no clínicos como suelos, efluentes, alimentos, animales, agricultura y aire. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los microorganismos y los factores responsables de este fenómeno en dichos ambientes. Con ese fin, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y ScienceDirect empleando las palabras clave “antimicrobial”, “atmosphere”, “environment”, “bacteria”, “drug resistance” y “genes”, combinadas mediante el operador booleano AND para optimizar los resultados. Se identificaron 50 artículos relevantes; de estos, 20 fueron excluidos por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión, y 30 se tuvieron en cuenta de acuerdo con el enfoque. Entre los hallazgos más destacados se encuentran genes de resistencia como las carbapenemasas y las betalactamasas de espectro extendido, así como patógenos asociados al género Streptococcus sp. La resistencia antimicrobiana en contextos no clínicos constituye una problemática global ya que la liberación de antibióticos no metabolizados en los recursos naturales contribuye a su propagación. Por lo tanto, es fundamental implementar medidas preventivas que mitiguen este riesgo.
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