Ácido acetilsalicílico para prevenir la preeclampsia en gestantes con factores de riesgo: una revisión narrativa
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La preeclampsia constituye una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad materna y perinatal a nivel mundial, especialmente en gestantes con factores de riesgo. En los últimos años, el ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) en dosis bajas se ha consolidado como la estrategia farmacológica preventiva con mayor respaldo científico. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar y analizar la evidencia publicada entre 2020 y 2024 sobre la efectividad y la seguridad del ASA en la prevención de la preeclampsia en mujeres embarazadas con factores de riesgo. La evidencia reciente demuestra que el uso de ASA reduce significativamente la incidencia de preeclampsia, en particular de su forma pretérmino, con mayores beneficios cuando el tratamiento se inicia antes de las 16 semanas de gestación y se emplean dosis iguales o superiores a 100 mg diarios. Asimismo, se ha documentado un perfil de seguridad favorable, sin un aumento significativo del riesgo de hemorragia posparto ni de efectos adversos fetales, aunque ciertos subgrupos requieren una valoración individualizada. En conjunto, el ácido acetilsalicílico se consolida como una intervención preventiva eficaz, segura y de bajo costo, con implicaciones clínicas y de salud pública, especialmente en contextos con alta carga de enfermedad y limitaciones
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